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학술연구/단체지원/교육 등 연구자 활동을 지속하도록 DBpia가 지원하고 있어요.
커뮤니티
연구자들이 자신의 연구와 전문성을 널리 알리고, 새로운 협력의 기회를 만들 수 있는 네트워킹 공간이에요.
초록· 키워드
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Throughout the history of China, the periods of Han, Tang and Ming dynasties have been considered quite exceptional III terms of evil influences originated by the eunuchs. The Ming dynasty period was even more exceptional. Even though the Founder of the dynasty . Emperor Hongwu, had strictly banned the recruiting of eunuchs or appointing them to governmental positions, based upon the lessons from the past, Emperor Yongle, who ascended to the throne through a political takeover which IS usually referred to as the Incident of Jingnan, the act of eliminating a threat and stabilizing the country), defied the principles of his father and started to appoint eunuchs to national positions, which led to the first of several steps headed for the weakening and the eventual fall of the dynasty. He opened a special office for the eunuchs named Dongchang, and had the eunuchs oversee the status of the governmental officials. Also, during the reigning period of Emperor Zhengtong, the government dispatched eunuchs to local headquarters along the border(Bianzhen) and had them control the army. And during the reigning period of Emperor Chenghua, another special office for the eunuchs named Xichang was established as well.
The eunuchs were granted with literally unlimited power, and they strongly asked the emperors to construct Buddhist temples or renovate the existing ones. They also ventured to build Buddhist temples themselves using their financial abilities or donating their own residences. The reason they were so active in this kind of activities was because they had to establish a place where memorial services for themselves would be held after their deaths. So in the effort of securing places where they will be buried, and where incenses would be burned in prayers to the Buddha(Xianghuo), temples were repaired and constructed. The eunuchs were at the side of the emperors, but they were also lonely creatures. They were at the center of power, and were witnessing not only the rise and fall of dynasties but also living and dying of governmental officials. In essence, they were living and dying by the principle of universally retributive justice.
In many cases In which eunuchs were involved In constructing Buddhist temples or temples' renovation, the emperors bestowed a hanging board with calligraphy. Also, high ranking officials with necessary knowledge, such as the Libushangshu(禮部尙書) officials who were usually in charge of ceremonial events and protocols and also oversaw the operations of the Senglusi office(the office which directed the Buddhist priests and regulated the Buddhist society), or the Daxueshi figures of the time and other celebrated writers, were put in charge of drafting the contents of those calligraphy documenting the process of construction or renovation. The eunuchs were trying to ensure that their legacy would survive the passage of time, and for them the best way to ensure that was to secure the insertion of names of high ranking officials or great writers in their epitaphs or inscriptions meant for them or structures built by them.
On the other hand, the governmental officials or the Shenshi figures(gentry), who had the experience and academic decree, had their own agenda in cooperating with the eunuchs by agreeing to draft such epitaphs and inscriptions. They wanted to expand the range of their political influence. During the Ming dynasty period, gifted people could have a living by offering their service in the form of writing. In other words, they usually engaged in the so-called 「Runbi (潤筆)」 practice. And when the client was a eunuch, the pay was much more decent. For example, when local officials tried to pay a tribute to the central government, the eunuchs usually asked for a bribe. Prisoners who were sentenced to death could buy themselves out by bribing the eunuchs. Eunuch Liujin, who was only in power for mere six or seven years asked people who wanted to pay a visit to the emperor to pay 4, 500 Nyang of gold. The eunuchs were literally in total control of the government. In such circumstances, bribing a eunuch by offering a decent writing instead of money was another way for the officials or the gentry people to connect themselves with powerful figures and expand or maintain their political relationships.
The eunuchs were granted with literally unlimited power, and they strongly asked the emperors to construct Buddhist temples or renovate the existing ones. They also ventured to build Buddhist temples themselves using their financial abilities or donating their own residences. The reason they were so active in this kind of activities was because they had to establish a place where memorial services for themselves would be held after their deaths. So in the effort of securing places where they will be buried, and where incenses would be burned in prayers to the Buddha(Xianghuo), temples were repaired and constructed. The eunuchs were at the side of the emperors, but they were also lonely creatures. They were at the center of power, and were witnessing not only the rise and fall of dynasties but also living and dying of governmental officials. In essence, they were living and dying by the principle of universally retributive justice.
In many cases In which eunuchs were involved In constructing Buddhist temples or temples' renovation, the emperors bestowed a hanging board with calligraphy. Also, high ranking officials with necessary knowledge, such as the Libushangshu(禮部尙書) officials who were usually in charge of ceremonial events and protocols and also oversaw the operations of the Senglusi office(the office which directed the Buddhist priests and regulated the Buddhist society), or the Daxueshi figures of the time and other celebrated writers, were put in charge of drafting the contents of those calligraphy documenting the process of construction or renovation. The eunuchs were trying to ensure that their legacy would survive the passage of time, and for them the best way to ensure that was to secure the insertion of names of high ranking officials or great writers in their epitaphs or inscriptions meant for them or structures built by them.
On the other hand, the governmental officials or the Shenshi figures(gentry), who had the experience and academic decree, had their own agenda in cooperating with the eunuchs by agreeing to draft such epitaphs and inscriptions. They wanted to expand the range of their political influence. During the Ming dynasty period, gifted people could have a living by offering their service in the form of writing. In other words, they usually engaged in the so-called 「Runbi (潤筆)」 practice. And when the client was a eunuch, the pay was much more decent. For example, when local officials tried to pay a tribute to the central government, the eunuchs usually asked for a bribe. Prisoners who were sentenced to death could buy themselves out by bribing the eunuchs. Eunuch Liujin, who was only in power for mere six or seven years asked people who wanted to pay a visit to the emperor to pay 4, 500 Nyang of gold. The eunuchs were literally in total control of the government. In such circumstances, bribing a eunuch by offering a decent writing instead of money was another way for the officials or the gentry people to connect themselves with powerful figures and expand or maintain their political relationships.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 명조의 사찰 정책의 變容
Ⅲ. 환관의 사찰 조영과 그 배경
Ⅳ. 환관 사찰에 대한 특혜
Ⅴ. 사찰 碑文의 撰造者
Ⅵ. 맺음말
참고문헌 (7)
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