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초록·키워드
Study on the body of Buddha started in India after death of Shakyamuni(釋迦). At the result of the dogma which was developed by Mahayanist Buddhism(大乘佛敎), ‘'Three World Buddhas’ was originated in India and it was introduced to Korea & China before thousand years’ old. Chosun Dynasty(朝鮮時代) in Korea which was based on thousand years’ buddhistic tradition created new buddhism culture and art. Among the many buddhism art in Chosun, the incarnation of the Three World Buddhas(三世佛) is most worthy of note. Painting(三世佛會圖) and sculpture(三世佛像) of the Three World Buddhas which is composed of Shakyamuni Buddha(釋迦佛), The Medicine Buddha(藥師佛), Amitabha Buddha(阿彌陀佛) is the important object of worship in Chosun Period and it has been enshrined at Buddha Hall(大雄殿) of large temple. And the iconography of the Three World Buddhas was based on Lotus Sutra(法華經).
Shakyamuni is placed in center part and served by Bodhisattva of Wisdom(文殊菩薩) & Samantabhara-bodhisattva(普賢菩薩), and Ten disciple. This is the preaching scene at Young-chuk Mountain(靈鷲山). The medicine Buddha is holding a small medicine bowl(藥盒) in mudra of Amitabha(阿彌陀印) and served by Sunlight(日光) & Moonlight(月光) bodhisattva, 12 Guardians. Usually, Daylight & Moonlight bodhisattva has the symbol of sun & moon in the front of their crown. Amitabha Buddha is in a mudra of amitabha and served by 8 Amitabha bohisattva including the Avalokitesvara bohisattva(觀音菩薩) & Mahasthamaprapta(勢至菩薩).
Each of the three scene above is very important and dramatic things in buddhism. Therefore, to making the three scene into one painting or sculpture solemnly is, also, important transformation in the religious and buddhist art historic aspect. We can classify the Three World Buddhas into 3 types. First types(竪三世佛) contains the conception of ‘Time.’ Say, Dipankara-Past(燃燈佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在佛), Maitreya-Future(未來佛) compose 1 set. However, We can't see this type in Koreat(Chosun) but china caves as like Tunhuang(敦煌). Second type(橫三世佛) contains the conception of ‘Space.’ Say, Amitabha-West(西方 阿彌陀佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在 釋迦佛), Medicine buddha-East(東方 藥師佛) compose another 1 set. This type was, especially, popural from Yuan dynasty(元代) in China and Chosun in Korea. Last type(竪+橫 三世佛) contains the mixed conception of ‘Time&Space.’ This type appear various mixing of Buddhas. For example, Amitabha-West(西方 阿彌陀佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在 釋迦佛), Maitreya-Future(未來佛). etc.
Most paintings of Three World Buddhas(三世佛會圖) was made by painter group at Jeolla-Do(全羅道) and these paintings are divided into two shapes. First shape depict the each Buddha in three paintings hugely and mainly enshrined with grand 3 sculptures at Buddha Hall(大雄殿) composed with 5 pillars during the late period(A.D 1650-1800). Second shape depict the three buddhas in a small painting and mainly enshrined with small 3 sculptures at Buddha Hall composed with 3 pillars during the last period(A.D 1800-1910). The iconography of the Three World Buddhas can be seen from the Three Kingdom(三國時代), and hand down to Unified Silla(統一新羅)ㆍKoryo(高麗), and popularized in Chosun dynasty(朝鮮). Due to the long-term traditional worship and brilliant cultural property, this become the important character of the Korean buddhistic culture.
Shakyamuni is placed in center part and served by Bodhisattva of Wisdom(文殊菩薩) & Samantabhara-bodhisattva(普賢菩薩), and Ten disciple. This is the preaching scene at Young-chuk Mountain(靈鷲山). The medicine Buddha is holding a small medicine bowl(藥盒) in mudra of Amitabha(阿彌陀印) and served by Sunlight(日光) & Moonlight(月光) bodhisattva, 12 Guardians. Usually, Daylight & Moonlight bodhisattva has the symbol of sun & moon in the front of their crown. Amitabha Buddha is in a mudra of amitabha and served by 8 Amitabha bohisattva including the Avalokitesvara bohisattva(觀音菩薩) & Mahasthamaprapta(勢至菩薩).
Each of the three scene above is very important and dramatic things in buddhism. Therefore, to making the three scene into one painting or sculpture solemnly is, also, important transformation in the religious and buddhist art historic aspect. We can classify the Three World Buddhas into 3 types. First types(竪三世佛) contains the conception of ‘Time.’ Say, Dipankara-Past(燃燈佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在佛), Maitreya-Future(未來佛) compose 1 set. However, We can't see this type in Koreat(Chosun) but china caves as like Tunhuang(敦煌). Second type(橫三世佛) contains the conception of ‘Space.’ Say, Amitabha-West(西方 阿彌陀佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在 釋迦佛), Medicine buddha-East(東方 藥師佛) compose another 1 set. This type was, especially, popural from Yuan dynasty(元代) in China and Chosun in Korea. Last type(竪+橫 三世佛) contains the mixed conception of ‘Time&Space.’ This type appear various mixing of Buddhas. For example, Amitabha-West(西方 阿彌陀佛), Shakyamuni-Present(現在 釋迦佛), Maitreya-Future(未來佛). etc.
Most paintings of Three World Buddhas(三世佛會圖) was made by painter group at Jeolla-Do(全羅道) and these paintings are divided into two shapes. First shape depict the each Buddha in three paintings hugely and mainly enshrined with grand 3 sculptures at Buddha Hall(大雄殿) composed with 5 pillars during the late period(A.D 1650-1800). Second shape depict the three buddhas in a small painting and mainly enshrined with small 3 sculptures at Buddha Hall composed with 3 pillars during the last period(A.D 1800-1910). The iconography of the Three World Buddhas can be seen from the Three Kingdom(三國時代), and hand down to Unified Silla(統一新羅)ㆍKoryo(高麗), and popularized in Chosun dynasty(朝鮮). Due to the long-term traditional worship and brilliant cultural property, this become the important character of the Korean buddhistic culture.
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