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This study presents a systematic review with structured thematic synthesis of global sports policies under diverse political systems, examining how governance models, funding frameworks, and policy implementation relate to elite performance, grassroots participation, and athlete support. Drawing on 34 peer-reviewed studies, the analysis reveals significant variations in political influence, ranging from centralized to decentralized governance, with corresponding differences in financing mechanisms such as state budgets, lottery revenues, and mixed public–private models. Findings indicate that higher and more strategically allocated funding, robust training facilities, and specialized coaching are consistently linked to improved international performance, while democratic systems generally promote more equitable development across elite and grassroots levels. However, persistent challenges—such as structural fragmentation, stakeholder conflicts, corruption, and resource constraints—limit policy effectiveness, particularly in developing contexts. Rather than treating regime type as a direct explanatory variable, the analysis traces how governance-capacity dimensions—state capacity, arm’s- length accountability, federation autonomy, policy coherence, and implementation capability—mediate the relationship between political systems and sport policy outcomes. Gender equity outcomes vary widely, with notable progress in some nations and stagnation in others, reflecting broader societal and cultural influences. The study concludes that coherent governance, stable financing, and inclusive athlete support are critical for sustainable sports development and offers comparative insights to inform evidence-based policymaking across political regimes.
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