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This paper interprets Gary Snyder’s ‘bioregionalism’ and identifies risks of region-centralism implicit in bioregionalism and explores a possible solution to the problem. Snyder’s bioregionalism is to dig up ‘Turtle Island,’ an original name given to North America by native Americans, from underneath the ‘alien’ nation-state ‘America.’ With the excavation of Turtle Island as a bioregion, Snyder wants to become a ‘born-again native’ of Turtle Island by reinhabiting it. Ecological ethics and politics move from nation-statehood to bioregionalism. Instead of domination of any specific species, any species including mountains, rivers, grass, trees, humans as well, have equal membership in a bioregion. Bioregionalism definitely deconstrucs human-centralism. However, too much emphasis on a particular bioregion and its members could end in region-centralism. Inclusion/exclusion in terms of membership can be the same as in nation-state system. To guarantee exclusive membership to a specific bioregion, drastically reactionary measures could be taken such as, a declaration
of a region as a separate statehood or an isolation of a bioregion by shutting down the bioregion. As was shown in German Nazi and more recent anti-immigration trends, a more ruthless exclusion of non-members for the sake of purity and security can be put into practice. Ecologically oriented movements could be exploited as excuses to block any immigration and flows into any specific bioregion.
Snyder’s wariness to drive away any reactionary and nationalist and ethnic parochialism from bioregionalism introduces cosmopolitanism as an escape from region-centralism. Snyder seems to apply Kantian cosmopolitanism to bioregionalism. But in the Kantian cosmopolitanism, acquisition of citizenship should be preceded before any cosmopolitan rights could be recognized and instituted. Only citizens can be granted with ‘the right of temporary sojourn.’ Any cosmopolitan moves are still conditioned by nation-statehood. If
bioregionalism should replace any nation-state, it should go beyond any place-centralism, home, homeland, nation, state. This paper argues that Snyder proposes a kind of cosmopolitan bioregionalism as a solution by keeping balance between cosmopolitanism and bioregionalism.
of a region as a separate statehood or an isolation of a bioregion by shutting down the bioregion. As was shown in German Nazi and more recent anti-immigration trends, a more ruthless exclusion of non-members for the sake of purity and security can be put into practice. Ecologically oriented movements could be exploited as excuses to block any immigration and flows into any specific bioregion.
Snyder’s wariness to drive away any reactionary and nationalist and ethnic parochialism from bioregionalism introduces cosmopolitanism as an escape from region-centralism. Snyder seems to apply Kantian cosmopolitanism to bioregionalism. But in the Kantian cosmopolitanism, acquisition of citizenship should be preceded before any cosmopolitan rights could be recognized and instituted. Only citizens can be granted with ‘the right of temporary sojourn.’ Any cosmopolitan moves are still conditioned by nation-statehood. If
bioregionalism should replace any nation-state, it should go beyond any place-centralism, home, homeland, nation, state. This paper argues that Snyder proposes a kind of cosmopolitan bioregionalism as a solution by keeping balance between cosmopolitanism and bioregionalism.
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UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2014-800-000780304