본 논문은 조선후기 한성부의 화재발생 양상과 도시 방재 시스템의 운영 방식에 대해서 살펴본 것으로 그 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조선후기 금화업무는 관-관 협조체제 하에 다원적으로 이루어졌다. 한성부의 경우 수성금화사의 혁파 이후 소방업무는 한성부, 병조를 중심으로 5부, 포도청, 순청, 삼군영 등에서 담당하여 유관기관의 협조 하에 다원적으로 이루어졌다. 특히 병조는 순청과 포도청으로 부터 실화보고를 받는 최종적인 관사로 금화업무에서 가장 중요한 역할을 담당하였다. 둘째, 화재진압 과정에서 유관기관과의 협력시스템이 강조되었다. 화재발생시 신속한 진압을 하기 위해 유관기관과의 역할이 조정되어 궁궐 숙위와 구화활동에 대한 업무의 명확성이 구분되었다. 삼군영의 경우 숙위 업무를, 관사의 관원, 공인, 5부 방민 등은 구화 업무를 진행하였다. 이 과정에서 5부의 방민이 지역별로 관사 및 궁궐에 소속되어 화재시 구화활동을 하는 관-민의 공조 시스템도 작동하였다. 셋째, 한성부의 경우 도성 밖 화재가 많았다. 지역적으로 서부 반석방, 반송방, 용산방에서 다수 발생했는데, 대부분 경강주변의 강촌이었다. 도성 밖 지역의 경우 삼군문과 포도청의 순라시스템이 18세기 후반에 이르러서야 정비되었기 때문에 시스템이 정비된 도성 안보다 쉽게 화재에 노출되는 경향이 많았다.
This paper looked into the pattern of fire incidents covered by Hanseongbu and the operation pattern of the urban disaster prevention system during the later Joseon period. The characteristics include the following. First, firefighting during the later Joseon period was carried out multi-dimensionally under a cooperative system between government departments. For Hanseongbu, since the abolishment of Suseonggeumhwasa(修城禁火司), firefighting was carried out in cooperation with relevant organizations focusing on Hanseongbu and Byeongjo(兵曹) whereby it was taken charge of by five departments(5部), the police bureau(捕盜廳), Suncheong(巡廳), and Samgunyeong(三軍營). In particular, Byeongjo played the most important role in firefighting as the ultimate government office that received fire reports from Suncheong and the police bureau. Second, during the firefighting process, a cooperative system with relevant organizations was emphasized. In order to put out fires promptly, the role with relevant organizations was adjusted. That is, the protection of the palace during a fire in the palace and the firefighting activity were clearly distinguished. Concerning Samgunyeong, it was in charge of Suggui, whereas government officers, general people of five departments of the government office were responsible for firefighting. During the process, the general public of five departments belonged to the government office and the palace according to region so that the government-people cooperative system that carried out firefighting during fires also operated. Third, as a characteristic of the pattern of fires of Hanseongbu, there were many fires outside the castle. Among others, many fires occurred in Banseokbang (盤石坊), Bansongbang(盤松坊), and Yongsanbang(龍山坊) in the western area. Then, most of the regions were by the riverside around the Gyeonggang(京 江). For regions outside the castle, the Sulla(巡邏) system of Samgunmun and the police bureau were organized only after the later 18th century; therefore, it was more likely that they would be more easily exposed to fires than the inside of the castle where a system had been organized already.