947년 8월 영국 식민지였던 영령 인도가 인도와 파키스탄으로 분리 독립한 이후 두 나라는 계속된 정치적·종교적 갈등으로 인해 세 번의 전쟁을 치렀다. 핵무기 보유를 인정하는 핵실험을 실시한 두 나라는 지금까지 적대적 관계를 지속해오면서 남아시아 지역의 긴장을 조성하고 있다. 최근 세계적으로 주목받고 있는 카쉬미르 지역을 둘러싼 인도와 파키스탄의 갈등 관계의 본질을 파악하기 위해 본고에서는 카쉬미르는 어떤 지역이며, 분쟁이 어디에서 기원하는지 그리고 카쉬미르를 둘러싼 제1차 인-파 전쟁이 발발하게된 원인, 전쟁의 경과와 유엔 상정, 유엔의 카쉬미르 조정, 전후의 카쉬미르 문제와 네루의 인-파 관계개선 노력 그리고 강대국의 개입과 여전히 미해결의 숙제로 남을 수밖에 없는 양국의 상반된 견해 등에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.
The purpose of this study is to explain the origins of the Kashmir war of 1947-1948 was the first of three wars that took place between India and Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. The study will be limited to an analysis of the first Indo-Pakistani conflict. The analysis of the origins of the first Kashmir war begins with the structural factor: the degree of ideological cohesion and conflict between the competing visions of Islam and secularism. The structural factor actually worked is to examine the history and policies of the two major political parties in preindependence India, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Besides political and institutional factors, ideologies also played a role in the partition of India and the subsequent Kashmir war of 1947. And the key factor in setting India and Pakistan on a course of conflict and war was the process by which the British disengaged from the subcontinent, and the impact of that process on Hindu-Muslim relation. The first Kashmir wars begun when some 2000 Pathan tribesmen crossed over the Kashmir-West Pakistan border on October 22, 1947. The first Kashmir war was the least costly in terms of human and material losses. A Kashmir problem entered a new phase on January 1, 1948. India transmitted to the Security Council the Indian case. India wanted to limit the debate to the Kashmir issue, Pakistan saw her interest in widening the field to the very general one of all disputes between the two countries. United Nations mediation process finally brought the war to a close on January 1, 1949. The Karachi Agreement or The Cease Fire Agreement was signed on July 27, 1949. During that time the Security Council tried to formulating proposals for demilitarization, preparatory to a plebiscite. The UN mediators were appointed to solve the problem. But the mediators efforts failed. In order to study the new approach of India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue after Karachi Agreement, it is to keep in mind three given starting points. The first is the military aid to Pakistan by the USA and the membership of Pakistan in the Military Alliances of the West, such as SEATO. The second is the unqualified support of the Soviet Union to India on the Kashmir problem, and the third is the kind of relationship being evolved between India and Pakistan as a consequence of these new developments. Since the Kashmir problem was tables in the UN in 1948, the Great Powers have been actively involved in it. The meditation of the United Nations in Kashmir was almost entirely based on the initiative of the Western Powers. While not formally committing themselves on the substance of the question, they were generally more favourable to the Pakistani point of view. The Western Powers view of this problem can be comprehended from the Cold War perspective and the attempts at containing international communism. The other important reason appeared that the Western Powers wanted to back Pakistan in order to make India amenable to their broader policies. The strategic importance of Kashmir in the context of the cold war and the growing divergence between the foreign policies of India and Pakistan furthered these tendencies.