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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- 미술사연구회 미술사연구 미술사연구 제34·35호
- 발행연도
- 2018.12
- 수록면
- 95 - 124 (30page)
- DOI
- 10.52799/JAH.2018.12.34_35.95
이용수
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
Multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns were used as crowns for bodhisattva statues, but are also important Goryeo artworks in general terms thanks to their links to the period’s painting and crafts. Metal crowns approximately 15 centimeters in height were produced separately and placed on the heads of large bodhisattva statues made of materials such as dry lacquer or wood. Among these, those with fronts made of several bronze sheets and featuring foliage scroll patterns on all sides are sometimes known as “multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns.” Some 13 bodhisattva statues from the Goryeo period, including the period of transition to the subsequent Joseon dynasty, wear multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns; the earliest of these is a wooden statue of a seated Avalokitesvara bodhisattva that dates from the early 13th century and is now located at Bogwangsa Temple in Andong.
The origins of tall crowns with intricately engraved foliage scroll patterns on multiple tiers lie in China’s Song and Liao dynasties, both of which interacted extensively with Goryeo. Indeed, the densely engraved scroll patterns on the front of Goryeo multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns, and the flower patterns to the left and right of them, show similarities to the flower crowns (花冠) of Song. And the cylindrical shape, divided into multiple tiers, is a feature shared with Liao bodhisattva statues; the Sutra Hall of the lower monastery at Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi Province, China, built in 1038, houses a bodhisattva statue with a crown of which the front part is divided into several layers and adorned with decorations hanging on gold thread. But adding several metal plates to create layers, extensive use of stone setting techniques and carved openwork circle-shaped scroll patterns in metal crowns are unique features of Goryeo-era multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns that distinguish them from Chinese crowns.
Though these crowns show no great differences according to period, they can be divided into two types. The first type of crown features a small plate shaped like a mountain; these crowns were produced primarily in the 13th and 14th centuries. The second type of crown features a small plate in the shape of a cloud; this type appears later than the first. The makers of crowns with mountain-shaped plates focused on surface decoration using diverse patterns and metal craft techniques; these crowns are striking for their use of highly pronounced repoussé and chasing, a technique fashionable in the mid-Goryeo period. Crowns with cloud-shaped plates, by contrast, are characterized by relatively simple decoration on their bases but also by the addition of large decorative elements such as phoenixes, clouds and auspicious figures and active use of stone setting techniques.
The Goryeo period, during which multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns were produced, was a golden age for metalwork. Artisans received much financial support from the royal court and the nobility, helping develop handcrafts. The 13th century, when these crowns first appeared, was a time when military officials took power in Goryeo and the country struggled to resist the Mongols. At the same time, exchange with China was reduced, leading to the emergence of many craft items featuring unique techniques and patterns, distinct from those of China. Multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns ere influenced by Chinese crown styles, but their engravings of patterns found in Goryeo paintings and crafts, and their use of a traditional Goryeo technique for setting gemstones, reflect a unique aspect of Goryeo crafts at the time.
Another significant aspect of Goryeo multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns is the strong influence they had on the crowns of the subsequent Joseon period. 15th century Joseon multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns faithfully followed the traditions of their late-Goryeo counterparts. But from the 16th century onwards it became more difficult for the upper classes to engage in Buddhist ceremonies, leading to reduced production of such crowns. Instead, wooden crowns became the most prevalent type in Joseon; these crowns, too, feature surface scroll patterns, front parts divided into two layers, and deliberate carving to depict the joint between front and back parts that only actually existed in earlier metal crowns. Altogether, this tells us both that Goryeo-era multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns are original artworks that show the essence of metalwork techniques at the time, and that their forms and patterns exerted strong influence on subsequent crown styles.
The origins of tall crowns with intricately engraved foliage scroll patterns on multiple tiers lie in China’s Song and Liao dynasties, both of which interacted extensively with Goryeo. Indeed, the densely engraved scroll patterns on the front of Goryeo multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns, and the flower patterns to the left and right of them, show similarities to the flower crowns (花冠) of Song. And the cylindrical shape, divided into multiple tiers, is a feature shared with Liao bodhisattva statues; the Sutra Hall of the lower monastery at Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi Province, China, built in 1038, houses a bodhisattva statue with a crown of which the front part is divided into several layers and adorned with decorations hanging on gold thread. But adding several metal plates to create layers, extensive use of stone setting techniques and carved openwork circle-shaped scroll patterns in metal crowns are unique features of Goryeo-era multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns that distinguish them from Chinese crowns.
Though these crowns show no great differences according to period, they can be divided into two types. The first type of crown features a small plate shaped like a mountain; these crowns were produced primarily in the 13th and 14th centuries. The second type of crown features a small plate in the shape of a cloud; this type appears later than the first. The makers of crowns with mountain-shaped plates focused on surface decoration using diverse patterns and metal craft techniques; these crowns are striking for their use of highly pronounced repoussé and chasing, a technique fashionable in the mid-Goryeo period. Crowns with cloud-shaped plates, by contrast, are characterized by relatively simple decoration on their bases but also by the addition of large decorative elements such as phoenixes, clouds and auspicious figures and active use of stone setting techniques.
The Goryeo period, during which multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns were produced, was a golden age for metalwork. Artisans received much financial support from the royal court and the nobility, helping develop handcrafts. The 13th century, when these crowns first appeared, was a time when military officials took power in Goryeo and the country struggled to resist the Mongols. At the same time, exchange with China was reduced, leading to the emergence of many craft items featuring unique techniques and patterns, distinct from those of China. Multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns ere influenced by Chinese crown styles, but their engravings of patterns found in Goryeo paintings and crafts, and their use of a traditional Goryeo technique for setting gemstones, reflect a unique aspect of Goryeo crafts at the time.
Another significant aspect of Goryeo multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns is the strong influence they had on the crowns of the subsequent Joseon period. 15th century Joseon multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns faithfully followed the traditions of their late-Goryeo counterparts. But from the 16th century onwards it became more difficult for the upper classes to engage in Buddhist ceremonies, leading to reduced production of such crowns. Instead, wooden crowns became the most prevalent type in Joseon; these crowns, too, feature surface scroll patterns, front parts divided into two layers, and deliberate carving to depict the joint between front and back parts that only actually existed in earlier metal crowns. Altogether, this tells us both that Goryeo-era multi-layered scroll-patterned crowns are original artworks that show the essence of metalwork techniques at the time, and that their forms and patterns exerted strong influence on subsequent crown styles.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 당초문겹보관의 사례와 시원
Ⅲ. 당초문겹보관의 유형과 기법적 특징
Ⅳ. 당초문겹보관의 제작 배경과 의의
Ⅴ. 맺음말
참고문헌
〈Abstract〉
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