미국이나 캐나다, 호주 등 주요 선진국들은 영국의 부동담보제도의 영향을 받아 특유의 부동담보를 시행해오고 있으며, 독일과 이의 영향을 받은 일본 등에서는 학설이나 판례로 집합동산양도담보를 인정하고 있다.
우리나라도 근래에 자본주의의 발전과 사회경제적인 필요성에 의거하여 집합물을 하나의 물건으로 취급하여 거래하는 관행이 실무계 등에서 행하여짐에 따라 담보객체로서집합물을 어떻게 다룰 것인가가 현행 민법체계상 해결해야 될 문제로 등장하였다.
한편, 우리 민법상 동산을 담보로 이용하는 전통적이고 대표적인 방법은 질권을 설정하는 것이다. 동산질권의 설정에 있어서는 점유의 이전이라는 요물성이 인정되고, 특히 점유의 취득방법으로써의 점유개정에 의한 점유의 취득은 부정된다. 이러한 동산질권의 요물성은 거래의 안전이나 유치적 효력의 확보를 위해 점유개정의 경우를 부정하고 있으므로,채권자로 하여금 담보재산을 안전하게 확보할 수 있도록 해 주지만, 당해 담보의 목적물인동산을 점유, 사용함으로 인하여 사용이익을 누리고자 하는 채무자나 담보제공자에게는중대한 제약으로 작용하여, 동산질권이 거래계에서의 활용빈도가 낮아지게 되었다.
또한 동산질권에 갈음하여 양도담보를 설정, 동산저당의 방법으로 담보권을 설정하는경우에도 일반적으로 점유개정에 의해 설정되므로 대외적으로 공시되지 않는다는 문제와 그에 따라 이중담보의 문제나 담보물의 임의처분의 문제 및 제3자의 선의취득의 문제등이 발생할 위험성이 크다는 문제가 있다.
이에 따라 현행 동산담보제도의 공시방법의 문제점을 인식하고 동산담보제도의 활용을 통한 다양한 자금조달 방법의 확대나 금융방법의 다양화를 위해서 새로운 공시방법으로서 동산담보의 등기 내지 등록제도를 도입하는 것이 대안이 될 수 있을 것이다.
더 나아가 중장기적으로 영국과 미국의 부동담보제도, 프랑스의 영업질, 일본의 기업담보제도 등과 같이 수시로 변동되는 기업의 영업재산을 하나의 물건으로 간주하고 여기에하나의 담보권을 설정하여 기업금융을 활성화시키는 영업담보제도(floating charge)가 적극적으로 도입되어야 한다고 생각한다.
The security of inventory is not used widely because the imperfection of public notification so-called the agreement on possession undermines the stability of security and occurs the risks of double transfer or bona fide acquisition. From these reasons, we suggest that the plan which gives strong legal effects in chattel security and activates the security of inventory is to introduce a new public notification.
Otherwise many countries and the international organizations are making an effort to devise new means of security for increase and expansion of the security value by request of the national and international economic activity and of the mobility of financial capital. The movement to unify the chattel security system internationally or to make security by public notification is enhancing actively, and also the effect of that has resulted in significant achievements.
The change of chattel security is appearing with different direction from the property law or the law principle for the real rights of security in continental law system because the chattel security system tends to be composed with the contents of common chattel law or common security law.
The most characteristic changes of chattel security are that the numerus clausus principle is weakened and the freedom of contract is being recognized. In continental law system the parties can not create real rights of security or change its contents arbitrarily, since the numerus clausus principle that the types and contents of security are determined by law is applied as a dominant principle. But in new real rights law of security the chattel securities are integrated into one security right, and its contents can be decided by both parties' agreements freely.
This is the characteristic of common property law that does recognize not the numerus clausus principle but the freedom of contract.
Also in new chattel security law the specific principle which is another dominant principle of property law is not recognized. The specific principle is that since the real right is the general right, the specification should be known to the third party. To be known to the third party the rights should be notified by registration of real property or by occupation of chattel, so the specific principle needs to be kept in order to implement the public notification method. But in new chattel security system, one security right is to be set without distinction whether the specific chattel or the inventory, the existing assets or the assets which will acquire in future, and the chattel or the bond. The only needs to contract is the agreement with the scope of chattel and bond between parties. And the mortgaged bond is not distinguished whether the specific bond or the multiple bond, the existing bond or the bond which will issue in future. It is enough that the details of the scopes for the mortgaged chattel and bond are clarified in the security contracts.
This new chattel security system is more concerned with the practice than the theory, and is more pragmatic and reasonable. For these reasons, international transaction or international financial institutions are alleging to take advantage of this system. In order to increase and expand the security values, many countries and international organizations are doing every efforts to seek a new security means used throughout the world. The result of their efforts for the new security is that the floating security system in British, USA and Canada, the model law of chattel security which is arranged by EBRD, the agreement of critical equipment security which is arranged by UNIDROIT, the legislation guide of chattel security in UNCITRAL, and the model law of chattel security which is arranged by OAS.
Our country legislated the security law of chattel and bond in June 10, 2010 in order to meet the trend of chattel security which is unifying internationally, to ensure the safety of transactions by allowing the notification of chattel which has a limit to use as security because of imperfection of the public notification method, and to provide the financing convenience of the small and medium enterprise and the self-employed through the activation of property flow.
Furthermore to increase the effectiveness of the law for the chattel and bond security, the introduction of floating charge, which activates the corporate finance by regarding as one object and setting up one security right to the business assets like as the floating security of British and USA, the business pledge of France and the enterprise security of Japan, has to be investigated.