This study tries to compare and analyze La vida del Buscón, the picaresque novel of Francisco de Quevedo who is one of the typical artists in the 17th century which is regarded as the peak period of Spanish literature with the history of one thousand years and 『The Story of Hong Gil-dong』 by Heo, Gyoon which is the first Korean novel written in the almost same time period and the most typical Korean classical novel and is most well known to us with each other and examine criticism of reality and charges about social irrationality shown in the two novels in the aspects of the similarity and dissimilarity between them. The new viewpoint of comparative literature which opposes the opinion of the French School that has excessively strictly limited the realm of comparative literature has been developed since 1950s with US as the center. This is the Chicago School of comparative literature. In other words, the Chicago School looked at the realm and target of comparative literature by expanding them into non-affective and non-receptive phenomena. Looking at them from the viewpoint of the Chicago School, 『The Story of Hong Gil-dong』 and 『La vida del Buscón』 which has nothing to do with each other on the surface can be also worth comparing and studying them with each other as a part of general literature. And justification which equally compares and studies Korean and western literature with each other can be gotten from this opinion. This study was intended for La vida del Buscón, the picaresque novel of Francisco de Quevedo of many spanish literary works because it is thought that the regular comparative study on 『The Story of Hong Gil-dong』 which has the comparatively enough similarity to it and it in subjects, atmospheres, and historical backdrops is more persuasive. This study tries to analyze the aspects of criticism and charges about the wrong status system and the corrupt higher classes and religious world as the similarity between them and the reform ideology shown in 『The Story of Hong Gil-dong』 and hopeless image done in 『La vida del Buscón』 as the dissimilarity between them by setting each one. It is thought that the opportunity to approach the nature of the two different societies called the Joseon Dynasty in the 17th century and Spain in the baroque period soundly by understanding the similarity and dissimilarity between them through these analyses.