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학술저널
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한국고전르네상스영문학회 고전 르네상스 영문학 고전 르네상스 영문학 제19권 제2호
발행연도
2010.1
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5 - 26 (22page)

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On Constancy (De constantia) by Justus Lipsius, a Flemish philologist, philosopher and humanist, is the first restatement of classical Stoicism from a Christian point of view in Renaissance. This work influenced a number of contemporary intellectuals, inspiring the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. His ideas were possibly first introduced into the English literary coterie by Sir Philip Sidney, and might have had a considerable influence on the Elizabethan and Jacobean writers. Swayed by the religious wars and other turmoils of his time, Lipsius attempts in On Constancy to revive ancient Stoicism as a practical philosophy and, especially, as a practical antidote to public evils. His remedy for public evils is not an escape from them but the virtue of constancy, which is ‘a right and immovable strength of the mind, neither elated nor depressed by external or chance events.’ By cultivating reason one can attain constancy. The enemies of constancy are opinion, dissimulation and excessive patriotism, which are products of false judgments and affections. The causes of all evils are, according to Lipsius, God, Necessity, and Fate/Destiny. All public evils form parts of God’s plan, namely Providence, for our profits. They can also come from Necessity and Destiny, and yet these causes are working within the providential scheme of God for our sake. At this point of his arguments, Lipsius carefully distances himself from heretical Stoic materialism and determinism and modifies the Stoic doctrine in four points. He subjects Fate to God, not God to Fate, acknowledges miracles, contingency and more importantly human free will. Although later in the seventeenth century, Lipsius was denounced as an atheist because of determinism and materialism in Stoicism, his syncretic endeavors had been a great source of inspiration and consolation in the troubled time.

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