갯벌은 생물다양성, 홍수조절, 기후변화에 의한 온실가스 저감 등 다양한 기능을 수행하고 있으며, 경제적으로도 지역경제의 수익창출과 국민들에 대한 갯벌체험 및 관광수요를 충족시키는 역할을 하고 있다. 본 연구는 개별여행비용법을 이용하여 갯벌체험 및 관광을 하는 방문객에 대한 방문편익을 추정하였다. 여행방문객의 방문속성을 분석하기 위하여 가산자료모형 중 개별여행비용법을 이용하였으며, 실증적인 수요모형을 추정하고 소비자 잉여 및 경제적 가치를 추정하였다. 분석대상은 서해의 태안군 지역이며, 심층면접조사방식을 이용하였으며, 구체적인 분석과정 및 결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 분석모형으로 포아송모형(Poisson Model, PM), 음이항모형(Negative Binomial, NB), 절단된 포아송모형(Truncated Poisson Model, TPM), 절단된 음이항모형(Truncated Negative Binomial, TNB)에 대한 이론적 접근과 응용을 실시하였다. 둘째, 분석결과 추정계수들은 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났으며, 경제이론에도 부합되는 결과를 도출하였다. 셋째, 분석자료에 대한 과산포(overdispersion)현상은 발견되지 않았으며, 모형적합도검정을 통하여 절단된 포아송모형이 적정모형으로 선정되었다. 넷째, 서해 태안군 지역내 갯벌관광활동의 경제적가치를 추정하기 위하여 관광객의 연평균 방문횟수와 최적모형으로 선정된 절단된포아송모형(TPM)으로 분석한 결과 1인당 1회 방문 편익은 17,825원으로 나타났고, 1인당 연간 방문 편익은 22,692원으로 추정되었다. 다섯째, 갯벌체험 및 관광을 목적으로 태안군 지역을 방문하는 전체 관광객은 연평균 231,438명으로 해당 방문객으로 인한 연간 총 경제적 가치는 5,251,776,684원으로 도출되어 지역경제에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.
Tidal flat has various functions such as biodiversity, reduction of greenhouse gas, etc. The paper is to estimate the benefits that visitors would receive by visiting the tide flat using individual travel cost which is one of non-market good valuation methods. For estimating consumer surplus, we used count data models. Count data econometric techniques have been applied with increasing frequency to travel cost models of recreation demand. That is, count data models are intuitively appealing for recreational demand because they deal with non-negative integer valued dependent variables. For recreation with tidal travel, the number of trips is a non-negative integer. The integer characteristic is less important than the non-negative range of the variable. The count data model specifies the quantity demanded, trips, as a random nin-negative integer, with a mean that is dependent on exogenous regressors. For the Poisson, the functional form for expected demand is typically exponential.
Shaw(1988) developed a Poisson model(PM) that corrected for problems that corrected for problems associated with samples drawn from on-site recreational surveys. Also, the sample for survey is truncated because it does not include non-users. This study has extended the application of count models to include truncated Poisson model(TPM). A negative binomial model(NBM) and truncated negative binomial model(TNBM) have not extended that there are no exist the over-dispersion problem.
Shin(2012) applied count models to natural recreation site focusing on the Yeongsan river in korea, while Eom(2008) applied this class of model to valuing of leisure time revealed through recreation demand for environmental resources. None of these papers developed for tidal tourists.
The primary data used in this study came from two sources: an on-site survey of visitors in Taean-gun and data of the tideland experience tourism association in Taean-gun. The visiting survey was used to obtain individual characteristics. These characteristics included visitors’ information such as visitors’ knowledge, income, and family, etc. Also, the association’s data provided information about the total number of visitors for the tideland experience tourism association in Taean-gun between 2010 and 2012. The survey was administered to visitors at a sample of randomly chosen visiting beaches during the summer of 2013, Surveying began August and ended October 2013. In total 105 surveys were administered. A key point of analysis is the demonstration that any count data model provides both per trip welfare measures and the quantity demanded measures that are needed to find total surplus for visiting tidal flats. The findings of the study are as follows.
First, four different specifications of the model were studied theoretically using maximum-likelihood regression. The coefficient on in the possion model(PM) is zero suggesting that both BM and NBM are inappropriate. There is no exist the over-dispersion problem. The PM and TPM was applied to estimate the demand of tideland experience tourism and consumer surplus. The Poisson likelihood function is straightforward. We observe the number of tidal trips each individual takes, and then use equation to write the provability of observing that number of trips.
Second, TPM was statistically more suitable than the other models. That is, the analysis suggests that the TPM is more preferred than PM. All parameters for TPM estimated are statistically significant and theoretically valid.
Third, benefit measures associated with the TPM is calculated using the estimated parameter on the trip cost(). The consumer surplus measure for a person who takes a single trip is . Consumer surplus for the average person in the population is calculated as . The TPM suggests an per trip surplus which is per consumer surplus for one-visit in the tideland experience tourism, 17,825won. We can also compute the consumer surplus for the per consumer surplus is 22,692won per year.
Fourth, the number of visitors for visiting the tideland experience tourism in Taean-gun is about 231,438 per year. The total economic value of visitors for visiting the tideland experience tourism in Taean-gun is estimated 5,251,776,684won.
These results suggest that the tourism of tidal flats provide positive benefit to Taean-gun. Also, this paper may be able to help policy makers understanding the tourism of tidal flats in the Korea.