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The purpose of this paper is to examine how Dryden justifies Charles II’s authority in the wake of the Exclusion Crisis. Dryden seems to be in a no-win situation as he tries to defend a king who is amiable as a man but questionable as a king. Dryden’s problem becomes more complicated, because Charles II’s defect, his promiscuity, produced an illegitimate son who became the figurehead of the rebellious.
Dryden’s masterful defence, this paper argues, starts when he appropriates Davidic analogy to borrow the authority of Scripture in undermining the cause of Exclusionists. In appropriating Davidic analogy, Dryden’s main tactic is to highlight physicality and femininity of the rebellious thus to expose their unmanliness, and then connect their unmanliness to their disloyalty while he emphasizes the manliness of Royalists and Charles II through the absence of physicality and femininity in their description.
Dryden undermines Achitophel/Shaftesbury by revealing his physical deformity that leads to his begetting a “shapeless Lump,” his son. In so doing, Dryden implies that the imbalance between matter and form in his generation actually leads to his disloyalty. In his catalogue of the rebels, such as Zimri/Buckingham, Shimei/Bethel and Corah/Titus Oates, Dryden’s tactic of this kind is repeated: their physicality is betrayed and linked to their deformed disloyalty. In dealing with Absalom/Monmouth, Dryden employs another but related tactic: he instills femininity into Absalom and thus reveals his existence as female body. In the scene of Achitophel’s temptation of Absalom, though Achitophel tempts him through the allure of manliness, Absalom becomes another Eve who is tempted by Achitophel. The feminization is not restricted to Absalom, as Absalom in his turn lures the populace and then “glides unfelt into their secret hearts.”In contrast to the portraits of these rebels, Dryden presents the normative example through the portraits of Royalists, especially through the portrait of Barzillai—his son/Ormond—Ossory. In Barzillai’s and his son’s portrait, their loyalty is connected to their manliness, heightened by the lack of physical existence.
After establishing the satiric norm, Dryden lets David/Charles speak and lets him subdue the subjects with his words. So, in the final section of the poem, David exists only as voice like God. He becomes distinguished from the ordinary whose bodily existence binds them to earth, especially from the rebels whose physicality and femininity eventually merge as they come to be delineated as vipers that tear through mother’s body and creep on their belly on earth. His authority and sovereignty are strengthened without dispute, as he is endowed with godlike status.
Yet, this paper argues that, though Dryden’s justification of Charles is masterful, it only reveals the discrepancy between the ideal world that is his poem and reality. For, though Dryden made him godlike by negating his bodily existence, Charles II was so ungodlike in his faithful following of his bodily desire. Also Dryden’s prospect for the proper succession is actually dampened and turned into his painful recognition of the impossibility of proper succession, as his paragon of proper succession, Barzillai-his son/Ormond-Ossory, has actually failed due to the premature death of proper heir.
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참고문헌 (25)
참고문헌 신청
Carver, Larry / 1982 / “Absalom and Achitophel and the Father Hero.” The English Hero 1660-1800 / U of Delaware P : 35 ~ 45
Conlon, Michael J / 1979 / The Passage on Government in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel / Journal of English and Germanic Philology 78 : 17 ~ 32
Cousins, A. D / 1980 / Heroic Satire: Dryden and the Defence of Later Stuart Kingship / Southern Review 13 (3) : 170 ~ 187
Donnelly, Jerome / 1981 / Fathers and Sons: The Normative Basis of Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel / PLL 17 (4) : 363 ~ 380
Donnelly, Jerome / 2004 / ‘A Greater Gust’: Generating the Body in Absalom and Achitophel / PLL 40 (2) : 115 ~ 140
Conlon, Michael J / 1979 / The Passage on Government in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel / Journal of English and Germanic Philology 78 : 17 ~ 32
Cousins, A. D / 1980 / Heroic Satire: Dryden and the Defence of Later Stuart Kingship / Southern Review 13 (3) : 170 ~ 187
Donnelly, Jerome / 1981 / Fathers and Sons: The Normative Basis of Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel / PLL 17 (4) : 363 ~ 380
Donnelly, Jerome / 2004 / ‘A Greater Gust’: Generating the Body in Absalom and Achitophel / PLL 40 (2) : 115 ~ 140
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