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The production of therapeutic proteins for humandiseases in plants results in many economic benefits, includingreduced risk of animal virus contamination, high yields, andreduced production and storage costs. Human cytokines,interleukin-11 (hIL-11) and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulatingfactor (hGM-CSF), cDNAs were introduced intorice or tobacco, using either the maize ubiquitin promoter orthe 35S promoter. The primary hIL-11 transgenic rice plantsexhibited stunted growth and a sterile phenotype, whereas thehIL-11 transgenic tobacco plants did not. This suggests thathIL-11 expression in rice disrupts the normal growth anddevelopment of the plant. The regeneration efficiency of ricecalli transformed with hGM-CSF was found to be approximatelya quarter of that seen with the hIL-11, suggesting that hGMCSFexpression is more deleterious to the regeneration of ricecalli than is hIL-11. However, the surviving hGM-CSF transgenicrice plants exhibited a normal phenotype of growth. Therefore,it appears that only those transgenic rice lines that expressedthe human cytokines in small quantities were able to survivethe selection process.

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