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Objectives: Although the risk assessments for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) have been extensively studied, most of the existing risk assessments were limited mainly to indoor environments such as workplaces, schools, and multi-use facilities. Therefore, integrated risk assessment is needed to consider exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoors. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk among sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk of Koreans. Methods: In this study, we estimated time-weighted average exposure concentrations of NO2and O3for preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors using residential time and indoor concentrations (house, school or workplace, other), outdoors, and transport by meta-analysis method. The risk for NO2and O3were assessed by hazard quotient using reference concentrations 30 and 60 ppb, respectively. The risk assessments were conducted through 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in a house, school, or workplace, respectively. The risk assessment for the lifetime of a housewife and a worker showed that 33.8 and 28.4% of hazard quotients of NO2exceed 1, respectively, and more than 99%of hazard quotient of O3were less than 1. Conclusions: The risk of NO2and O3by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewives and workerswere assessed. The risk for NO2was higher than for O3and showed a different risk by sub-population group. Both NO2and O3showed a higher risk for housewives than for workers. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment for NO2and O3.

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