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Large efforts have recently been made on research and development of sustainable and energy-efficient short-cut nitrogen removal processes owing to strong attention to the energy neutral/positive wastewater treatment system. Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox bacteria) have been highlighted since 1990's due to their unique advantages including 60% less energy consumption, nearly 100% reduction for carbon source requirement, and 80% less sludge production. Side-stream short-cut nitrogen removal using anammox bacteria and partial nitritation anammox (PN/A) has been well established, whereas substantial challenges remain to be addressed mainly due to undesired main-stream conditions for anammox bacteria. These include low temperature, low concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, free ammonia, free nitrous acid or a combination of those. In addition, an anammox side-stream nitrogen management is insufficient to reduce overall energy consumption for energy-neutral or energy positive water resource recovery facility (WRRF) and at the same time to comply with nitrogen discharge regulation. This implies the development of the successful main-stream anammox based technology will accelerate a conversion of current wastewater treatment plants to sustainable water and energy recovery facility. This study discusses the status of the research, key mechanisms & interactions of the protagonists in the main-stream PN/A, and control parameters and major challenges in process development.
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참고문헌 (59)
참고문헌 신청
Al-Omari, A. / 2015 / Model-Based Evaluation of Mechanisms and Benefits of Mainstream Shortcut Nitrogen Removal Processes / Water Science and Technology 71(6):840~847
Alawi, M. / 2007 / Cultivation of a Novel Cold-Adapted Nitrite Oxidizing Betaproteobacterium from the Siberian Arctic / The ISME Journal 1(3):256~264
Ali, M. / 2015 / Anammox-Based Technologies for Nitrogen Removal: Advances in Process Start-up and Remaining Issues / Chemosphere 141:144~153
Ali, M. / 2015 / Rapid and Successful Start-up of Anammox Process by Immobilizing the Minimal Quantity of Biomass in Pva-Sa Gel Beads / Water Research 79:147~157
Bale, N. J. / 2014 / Occurrence and Activity of Anammox Bacteria in Surface Sediments of the Southern North Sea / FEMS Microbiology Ecology 89(1):99~110
Alawi, M. / 2007 / Cultivation of a Novel Cold-Adapted Nitrite Oxidizing Betaproteobacterium from the Siberian Arctic / The ISME Journal 1(3):256~264
Ali, M. / 2015 / Anammox-Based Technologies for Nitrogen Removal: Advances in Process Start-up and Remaining Issues / Chemosphere 141:144~153
Ali, M. / 2015 / Rapid and Successful Start-up of Anammox Process by Immobilizing the Minimal Quantity of Biomass in Pva-Sa Gel Beads / Water Research 79:147~157
Bale, N. J. / 2014 / Occurrence and Activity of Anammox Bacteria in Surface Sediments of the Southern North Sea / FEMS Microbiology Ecology 89(1):99~110
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