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초록·키워드
This article’s aim is not only to examine the different stages of the Selcuk-Turkish penetration in Anatolia but also to trace the Byzantine response against the Turkish challenge during the period of 1071-1096.The first point is that under the emperor Michael VII (1071-1078), the Turks penetrated deep into Anatolia, moving out the Byzantine defensive system on the eastern borders. They occupied only a small number of cities, such as Trebizond, Coloneia and Caesarea.Therefore, the gloomy picture that we have usually seen of Anatolia at the end of the reign of Michael VII should be changed. On the other hand, it is sure that under the emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078-1081), the revolt of Melissenos opened many towns of Bithynia and Phrygia to the Turks.The second point is that at the advent of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantines still occupied important positions. The defense of the eastern border system remained largely in place, and Turks could reach only Propontis by sea. The Byzantines held all coastal territories both in Paphlagonia and in the area of Optimation, Opsikion and Thrakesion. The situation of Anatolia inland was very confusing, but regions, such as those commissioned by Michael Bourtzes, were still resistant.The third point is that the years of 1084 - 85 mark a turning point. At that time the Dani?mend Turks moved around Sebasteia in the northeastern Anatolia. On the other hand, the Emperor Alexios I won territory (including the western part of Anatolia, the Opsikion and the Thrakesion) with the assistance of Theodoros Gabras. Except in Bithynia, the Selcuk-Turks eventually succeeded to break the Byzantine resistant front on the eve of the First Crusade.The final point is that the Byzantine persistence was not in vain, because considering the map of Byzantine regions, held the longest against the Turks, the coastal areas, Pontos, Thrakesion, Bithynia, largely corresponded to the territories that the Byzantines were able to regain after the First Crusade in 1096. Thus it showed that a short Turkish presence in western Anatolia between 1071 and 1096 did not make the Byzantine population forget its natural allegiance to the Empire.
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