Objectives: This study aims to examine research trends and key factors influencing depression in urban young adults in South Korea. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Literature published between 2020 and 2023 was systematically searched using keywords such as “urban,” “young adults,” and “depression” in databases including DBpia, KISS, and RISS. Of the 3,659 articles initially identified, 75 studies focusing on urban young adults and depression were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction focused on study design, sample characteristics, depression measures, and significant risk and protective factors. Results: The results revealed a notable increase in studies on urban young adults’ depression post-COVID-19, with 85% being university students. The CES-D was the most frequently used depression measure, appearing in 72% of studies, although variations in its adaptation potentially limited comparability across studies. Key personal factors, such as self-esteem and resilience, mitigated depressive symptoms, while social factors, including isolation and support, significantly influenced depression severity. Environmental factors, such as housing insecurity and economic burden, were major contributors to depression. Conclusion: Effective interventions to address urban young adults’ depression require psychological support, community engagement, and policies addressing housing and economic challenges. Additionally, the post-pandemic increase in research highlights the need for continued exploration of dynamic risk factors and evolving mental health needs among young adults.