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My research goal is to reconstruct Ashikaga Yoshimitsu’s diplomatic negotiations with the Ming in order to clarify the meaning and motives behind Yoshimitsu’s receiving an investiture from the Ming Emperor. As many studies have pointed out, the authority of the Ming Emperor was by no means widespread in Japan, and the act of accepting an investiture, which means to take the courtesy of a vassal to the Ming Emperor, seems to have been a major conflict for Yoshimitsu.
On the question of when Ashikaga Yoshimitsu received the Ming Emperor’s investiture, there are two different opinions: those of Toyomiyama Kazuyuki, Hashimoto Yu and Danjo Hiroshi, who think that the investiture was established by the dispatch of an envoy from the Ming in the first year of Eiraku (Ôei 10/1403), and those of the Kemun Emperor in the fourth year of Kemun (Ôei 9/1402), as a return gift to the envoy sent by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in Ôei 8. There is a difference of opinion between Shôsuke Murai, who thinks that the dispatch of the messenger had the substance of an investiture. From the standpoint of being primarily interested in when and whom the Ming recognised as the “King of Japan”, regardless of the substance of the investiture, I place emphasis on the call to Yoshimitsu ‘Yuan Daoyi, The King of Japan’ in the letter of the Jianwen Emperor’s letter carried by the envoy dispatched in the fourth year of the Jianwen Emperor’s reign. This is because, irrespective of how one views the substance of the ‘investiture’, the Ming Emperor’s recognition of Yoshimitsu as ‘King of Japan’ at this stage is unmistakable.
This presentation first reconstructs the negotiations between Japan and the Ming during the Hongwu period of the Ming dynasty, referring to the researches conducted by the presenter, and confirms how Ashikaga Yoshimitsu reacted to the Ming’s policy towards Japan. Then, we will confirm how the Ming and Goryeo fell into strained relations following the murder of King Gongmin of Goryeo, to which the Ming had investediture, and how relations were subsequently restored. We will then confirm when Ashikaga Yoshimitsu made the decision to accept the Ming emperor’s investiture. Finally, as a summary of this report, I would like to state my current outlook on what “investiture” meant to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
On the question of when Ashikaga Yoshimitsu received the Ming Emperor’s investiture, there are two different opinions: those of Toyomiyama Kazuyuki, Hashimoto Yu and Danjo Hiroshi, who think that the investiture was established by the dispatch of an envoy from the Ming in the first year of Eiraku (Ôei 10/1403), and those of the Kemun Emperor in the fourth year of Kemun (Ôei 9/1402), as a return gift to the envoy sent by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in Ôei 8. There is a difference of opinion between Shôsuke Murai, who thinks that the dispatch of the messenger had the substance of an investiture. From the standpoint of being primarily interested in when and whom the Ming recognised as the “King of Japan”, regardless of the substance of the investiture, I place emphasis on the call to Yoshimitsu ‘Yuan Daoyi, The King of Japan’ in the letter of the Jianwen Emperor’s letter carried by the envoy dispatched in the fourth year of the Jianwen Emperor’s reign. This is because, irrespective of how one views the substance of the ‘investiture’, the Ming Emperor’s recognition of Yoshimitsu as ‘King of Japan’ at this stage is unmistakable.
This presentation first reconstructs the negotiations between Japan and the Ming during the Hongwu period of the Ming dynasty, referring to the researches conducted by the presenter, and confirms how Ashikaga Yoshimitsu reacted to the Ming’s policy towards Japan. Then, we will confirm how the Ming and Goryeo fell into strained relations following the murder of King Gongmin of Goryeo, to which the Ming had investediture, and how relations were subsequently restored. We will then confirm when Ashikaga Yoshimitsu made the decision to accept the Ming emperor’s investiture. Finally, as a summary of this report, I would like to state my current outlook on what “investiture” meant to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
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