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(한국교통대학교) (한국교통대학교) (한국교통대학교) (한국교통대학교) (한국교통대학교)
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한국태양에너지학회 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 제46권 제5호
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    초록·키워드

    Module-level anomalies in photovoltaic plants may be obscured by aggregate indicators, with maintenance labels often being unavailable. We define Normal, LowPower, and Thermal Anomaly weak labels using same-string peer deviations and two-sample persistence. Thermal Anomaly denotes peer-relative overtemperature, not a thermographically confirmed cell-level hotspot. We analyzed 15 months of 15-min measurements collected from 349 modules. A 55℃ comparison threshold flagged 347 modules at least once and yielded no winter detections, whereas the peer-relative criterion reduced the number of flagged modules to 143 and mitigated seasonal bias. Module-wise five-fold cross-validation prevented identity leakage, and we evaluated 16 configurations combining directionality, Self-Attention, position-wise feed-forward blocks, and temporal pooling. Across 976,911 pooled out-of-fold windows, Macro F1 was 0.9837, and the fold mean was 0.9544 ± 0.0373. Our findings reveal weak-label consistency on unseen modules, not accuracy against field-confirmed faults. The unidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with mean pooling underperformed, whereas changing any one factor recovered most of the performance. Moreover, other configurations did not differ substantially, supporting deployment-specific complexity selection.

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