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Wiley Ecology and Evolution 13(4)
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    초록·키워드

    <i>Eumaeus</i> butterflies are obligate herbivores of <i>Zamia</i>, the most diverse neotropical genus of cycads. <i>Eumaeus-Zamia</i> interactions have been characterized mainly for species distributed in North and Central America. However, larval host plant use by the southern <i>Eumaeus</i> clade remains largely unknown, precluding a comprehensive study of co-evolution between the genera. Here, we combine fieldwork with museum and literature surveys to expand herbivory records for <i>Eumaeus</i> from 21 to 38 <i>Zamia</i> species. We inferred a time-calibrated phylogeny of <i>Eumaeus</i> to test for distinct macroevolutionary scenarios of larval host plant conservatism and co-evolution. We found a remarkable coincidence between <i>Eumaeus</i> and <i>Zamia</i> diversification, with the butterfly stem group diverging at the same time as the most recent radiation of <i>Zamia</i> in the Miocene. Cophylogenetic reconciliation analyses show a strong cophylogenetic signal between cycads and their butterfly herbivores. Bipartite model-based approaches indicate that this is because closely related <i>Zamia</i> species are used by the same <i>Eumaeus</i> species, suggesting larval host plant resource tracking by the butterfly herbivores. Our results highlight a case of tight evolution between <i>Eumaeus</i> butterflies and cycads, pointing to the generality of correlated evolution and phylogenetic tracking in plant-herbivore interactions across seed plants.

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