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Wiley Animal Research and One Health 4(1)
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    ABSTRACT Salpingitis is a highly prevalent disease that reduces production performance and egg quality in laying hens, severely impeding the sustainable development of the egg‐laying industry. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) play a significant role in regulating gut health and immune function. However, the mechanisms by which FOS alleviates salpingitis remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how FOS mitigates salpingitis using multi‐omics approaches. A total of 270 34‐week‐old Hy‐Line Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group with a basal diet (CN), a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐challenged group on a basal diet (CN_LPS), and an FOS‐supplemented group (1 g/kg diet) with LPS challenge (FOS_LPS). The results showed that the supplementation of FOS significantly ameliorated LPS‐induced inflammation and atrophy in the magnum of hens ( p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of TLR2 , MYD88 , NF‐κB , and COX2 in the FOS_LPS group were significantly reduced in the magnum compared to the CN_LPS group ( p < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of ABCA9 , BIRC5 , and MYRF genes was significantly higher in the FOS_LPS group than in the CN_LPS group. Compared to the CN_LPS group, the FOS_LPS group exhibited a reduction in the abundance of Rikenellaceae _ RC9 _ gut _ group and Alistipes , whereas the abundances of Lactobacillus , Ruminococcus _ torques _ group , and Phascolarctobacterium were increased in cecal chyme. In addition, the FOS_LPS group exhibited elevated relative concentrations of S‐lactoylglutathione and thymol sulfate in plasma as compared to the CN_LPS group. Collectively, FOS mitigated LPS‐induced salpingitis by modulating key inflammatory pathways, restoring gut microbiota (e.g., increased Lactobacillus , decreased Rikenellaceae ), and enhancing metabolic homeostasis.

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