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Springer Science and Business Media LLC Journal of High Energy Physics 2025(10)
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    A bstract We investigate fermion mass hierarchies in models with modular flavor symmetries. Several key conclusions arise from the observation that the determinants of mass matrices transform as 1-dimensional vector-valued modular forms. We demonstrate that, under some fairly general assumptions, achieving hierarchical fermion masses requires the vacuum expectation value of the modulus τ to be located near one of the critical points, i, i ∞, or ω . We also revisit the universal near-critical behavior around these points and classify the resulting mass hierarchies for the critical points i and ω . We compare the traditional Froggatt–Nielsen mechanism with its modular variant. The knowledge and boundedness of Fourier and Taylor coefficients are crucial to the predictive power of modular flavor symmetries.

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