인문학
사회과학
자연과학
공학
의약학
농수해양학
예술체육학
복합학
지원사업
학술연구/단체지원/교육 등 연구자 활동을 지속하도록 DBpia가 지원하고 있어요.
커뮤니티
연구자들이 자신의 연구와 전문성을 널리 알리고, 새로운 협력의 기회를 만들 수 있는 네트워킹 공간이에요.
논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문
- 저자정보
- 지도교수
- 하권수
- 발행연도
- 2013
- 저작권
- 강원대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
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C-peptide는 당뇨병 합병증에서 방어 역할을 하는 bioactive peptide이다. 그러나 C-peptide의 심혈관 손상에 대한 방어 기작은 아직 불분명하다. 고혈당으로 유도된 내피세포의 손상은 당뇨병 혈관 병리학에서 1차 적인 원인이다. 따라서 우리는 혈관내피세포와 당뇨병 쥐를 이용하여 고혈당으로 유도된 세포사멸에 대한 C-peptide의 잠재적 역할을 조사하였다. 내피세포에서 고혈당에 의해 유도된 apoptotic 세포 사멸은 Transglutaminase 2(TG2)의 연속적인 활성과 세포 내 Ca2+, ROS 의 연속적인 증가로 인하여 일어난다. C-peptide는 Protein kinase C 와 NADPH 산화효소 의존적인 세포 내 ROS 생성 의 억제와 세포 내 Ca2+ 양의 영향 없이 고혈당에 의해 유도는 TG2 활성을 없애 버림으로 써 내피 세포의 사멸을 막는다. 따라서 당뇨병 쥐의 대동맥에서 고혈당이 유도한 transamidating 활성과 내피 세포의 사멸을 Osmotic pump 를 이용한 C-peptide 대체 요법으로 막을 수 있다. 게다가 c-peptide는 당뇨병 쥐의 신장 피질과 심장에서 일어나는 고혈당이 유도한 transamidating 활성과 세포사멸을 막을 수 있다. 비록 고혈당증에서 ROS 생성 과정은 미토콘드리아와 세포기질 (cytosol) 에서 생성된다고 보고 되었지만, 우리는 세포기질성 (Cytosolic) NADPH 산화효소 의존성 superoxide (초과산화물) 이 미토콘드리아의 superoxide 생성을 증가시키고 따라서 미토콘드리아의 분열이 야기된다고 제시하였다. 미토콘드리아의 ROS 증가와 함께 일어나는 미토콘드리아 분열 기작은 순환과정에서 ROS의 증폭을 가능하게 하고 이러한 현상은 내피 세포의 세포사멸을 유도한다. 이것과 관련하여 우리는 5` AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 활성을 통한 ROS 증폭을 막는 새로운 C-peptide 기작에 관하여 실험하였다. C-peptide 신호전달에 관련된 이 기작은 고혈당에 의해 유도된 미토콘드리아 dynamics 와 막전위의 변화를 회복시키고 내피세포의 사멸을 막는다. 따라서, C-peptide는 AMPK를 활성화시켜 ROS cycle과 미토콘드리아의 변화를 조절함으로 써 고혈당으로 인한 손상으로 발생하는 내피 세포의 사멸을 막아 당뇨성 혈관병증을 막는다.
목차
- I. INTRODUCTION 121. Human C-peptide 122. C-peptide deficiency in Diabetes mellitus 143. Diabetic complications 154. Benificial role of C-peptide in diabetes diabetic complications 16II. LITERATURE REVIEW 181. Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease 182. Endothelial cell apoptosis and vascular pathology 193. Transglutaminase 2 and Diabetes complications 204. Amplification of ROS and mitochondrial fission 205. AMPK activation as a potential therapeutic approach 226. Clinical potential of C-peptide replacement therapy in diabetes 23III. MATERIAL AND METHODS 261. Chemicals and reagents 262. Cell culture 273. Cell death assay 274. Live-cell imaging for intracellular and mitochondrial ROS measurement 295. Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ levels 296. Measurement of in situ transamidating activity in HUVECs 307. Mitochondrial staining and analysis of mitochondrial fission 318. Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential 319. Transfection of small interfering RNA 3210. Western blot analysis 3311. Generation of diabetes mouse model and C-peptide treatment using osmotic pumps 3412. Tissue collection 3513. Measurement of transamidating activity in tissues 3514. Tissue TUNEL assay 3615. Measurement of ROS generation and mitochondrial fission in aortic endothelium of mice 3716. Western blot for mice aortic tissue homogenate 3817. Statistics 38IV. RESULT 391. C-peptide inhibits high glucose-induced apoptosis 392. Roles of intracellular ROS and Ca2+ and TG2 in high glucose-induced cell death 403. Prevention of high glucose-induced generation of Intracellular ROS 424. Intracellular Ca2+ acts upstream of intracellular ROS and is unaffected by C-peptide 445. C-peptide regulates TG2 activity by inhibiting high glucose-induced ROS generation 466. Ex vivo treatment of C-peptide in aortic segments of streptozotocin diabetic mice inhibits hyperglycemia-stimulated transamidating activity 497. C-peptide replacement therapy inhibits hyperglycemia-induced activation of transamidating activity and prevents apoptosis in aortic endothelium of streptozotocin diabetic mice 518. C-peptide prevents hyperglycemia-induced activation of transamidating activity and apoptosis in heart and renal cortex of streptozotocin diabetic mice 549. High glucose-induced cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitates mitochondrial ROS increase 5710. High glucose-induced mitochondrial ROS also enables cytosolic ROS increase 5911. High glucose-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS mediates mitochondrial fission 6112. High glucose-induced ROS mediates mitochondrial membrane potential collapse 6413. C-peptide inhibition of high glucose-induced ROS regulates mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse 6614. AMPKα activation is essential for C-peptide action on attenuation of high glucose-induced ROS 6915. C-peptide activation of AMPKα regulates high glucose-induced mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse 7216. AICAR and metformin showed C-peptide mimetic regulation of high glucose-induced endothelial damage 7417. C-peptide activation of AMPKα and subsequent inhibition of ROS-mediated mitochondrial fission regulates high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis 7718. C-peptide replacement therapy promotes AMPKα activation instreptozotocin diabetic mice aorta 81V. DISCUSSION 86VI. REFERENCES 96VII. ABSTRACT (in Korean) 108VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 110LIST OF TABLESTable 1. In vivo clinical data from streptozotocin diabetic mice, C-peptide-supplemented diabetic mice, and age-matched non-diabetic mice 52LIST OF FIGURESFig. 1. Human C-peptide, 31-amino acid sequence in intact pre-proinsulin 13Fig. 2. Consequences of hyperglycemia-induced activation of PKC 19Fig. 3. C-peptide and inhibitors of intracellular ROS, Ca2+ and TG 2 inhibit high glucose-induced apoptotic cell death in HUVECs 39Fig. 4. TG2 siRNA prevents high glucose-induced apoptotic cell death 41Fig. 5. High glucose-induced generation of intracellular ROS is prevented by various inhibitors 43Fig. 6. C-peptide inhibits high glucose-induced ROS generation but has no effect on intracellular Ca2+ 45Fig. 7. High glucose-induced activation of TG2 is inhibited by various inhibitors or C-peptide 48Fig. 8. C-peptide inhibits hyperglycemia-induced stimulation of transamidating activity and apoptosis in mice aortic segments 50Fig. 9. C-peptide inhibits hyperglycemia-induced stimulation of transamidating activity and apoptosis in mice aortic segments 53Fig. 10. C-peptide inhibits hyperglycemia-induced stimulation of transamidating activity and apoptosis in heart and renal cortex 55Fig. 11. Proposed mechanism for C-peptide prevention of hyperglycemia-induced endothelial apoptosis via inhibition of ROS-mediated TG2 activation 56Fig. 12. Blocking cytosolic mitochondrial ROS generation attenuates high glucose-induced cellular ROS amplification 58Fig. 13. Blocking mitochondrial ROS generation attenuates high glucose-induced cellular ROS amplification 61Fig. 14. Essential role of cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS in high glucose (HG)-induced mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse in HUVECs 63Fig. 15. Role of cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS in high glucose (HG)-induced mitochondrial membrane potential collapse in HUVECs 65Fig. 16. C-peptide regulation of high glucose-induced cellular ROS amplification prevents mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse 68Fig. 17. Activation of AMPKα is essential for C-peptide regulation of high glucose-induced cellular ROS accumulation in endothelial cells 71Fig. 18. Activation of AMPKα is also essential for C-peptide regulation of high glucose-induced, mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse in endothelial cells 73Fig. 19. AMPK activator AICAR and metformin inhibits high glucose (HG)-induced ROS amplification, mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse 75Fig. 20. AMPK activator AICAR and metformin showed C-peptide mimetic inhibition of high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis 80Fig. 21. C-peptide replacement therapy activates AMPKα in aorta of diabetic mice 83Fig. 22. Schematic modfel of C-peptides rle in regulating hyperglycemia-induced vasculpathy through AMPK-dependent mechanism 85