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이 연구는 성인 비만남성 10명을 대상으로 트레드밀운동 강도에 따른 Ghrelin, Leptin, Peptide YY와 식욕인식 및 식이섭취량의 변화를 살펴보는 목적으로 실시하였다. 첫 번째 실험은 운동이 중재되지 않은 상태에서 12시간 공복 상태를 유지한 후 실험 당일 10:00시에 1차 채혈을 실시하였고 12:00시에 식이섭취 전 2차 채혈 실시 후 대상자들은 개개인의 자유식으로 식사를 실시하게 하였다. 이후 14:00에 3차 채혈을 실시하였으며, 이때 1시간마다 대상자들의 식욕인식을 평가하였다. 첫 번째 실험과 동일한 조건에서 두 번째 실험에서 10:00부터 11:00시까지 40%VO2R의 저강도 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였고, 세 번째 실험에서는 10:00부터 11:00시까지 70%VO2R의 고강도 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였다. 저강도운동과 고강도운동 중재 시 운동량을 300kcal로 동일하게 통제하기 위하여 ACSM(2010)의 운동시간 산출공식을 이용해 개개인의 운동시간을 적용시켜 실시하였다. 트레드밀운동 강도에 따른 종속변인들의 실험 간 차이, 시기 간 차이, 상호작용 효과를 분석하기 위하여 반복측정이 있는 이원분산분석(two-way repeated measure ANOVA)을 실시한 결과 다음과 같이 나타났다.
1. 트레드밀운동 강도에 따른 실험 간 차이는 포만감 식욕인식에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고(p<.001), 식이섭취량에서 유의한 차이가 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) 실험, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 실험, 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 많은 것으로 나타났다.
2. 동일 실험 내 측정 시기 간 차이는 그렐린(Ghrelin)에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 식사 직전(12:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)에서는 식사 직전(12:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00), 공복 시(10:00) 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00)보다 식사 직전(12:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. Peptide YY(PYY)에서도 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.01) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서만 공복 시(10:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 높은 것으로 나타났다. 배고픔 인식에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise) 모두에서 운동직후(11:00), 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 보다 공복 시(10:00), 식사직전(12:00)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 포만감 인식에서도 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 모든 실험에서 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 높은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직후(13:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 예상식이섭취량에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)에서 식사 후 1시간(14:00)이 모든 측정 시기보다 가장 낮게, 식사직전(12:00)에 모든 측정 시기보다 가장 높게 나타났으며, 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 운동직후(11:00)와 식사직후(13:00)에서 공복 시(10:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
3. 트레드밀운동 강도와 측정시기에 따른 종속변인들의 상호작용 효과에서 그렐린(Ghrelin)은 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise) 실험에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. Peptide YY(PYY)에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.01) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) 실험에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 배고픔 인식에서 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 운동직후(11:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직전(12:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 포만감 인식에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사직후(13:00) 시점에서 고강도 운동(high intensity exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise), 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났고, 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 예상식이섭취량 인식에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 운동직후(11:00) 시점에서 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) , 저강도운동(low intensity exercise), 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직후(13:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
결론적으로 이 연구에서 고강도운동은 운동직후 일시적인 배고픔에 대한 낮은 식욕인식을 보였지만, 많은 식이섭취량을 보였고 식사후에도 높은 그렐린의 농도와 낮은 Peptide YY(PYY) 농도를 확인하여 고강도운동은 식욕 및 많은 식이섭취를 유도하는 것을 확인하였다.
주요어: 비만, 운동강도, Ghrelin, Leptin, Peptide YY, 식욕인식, 식이섭취량
This study was performed for the purpose of observing change of Ghrelin, Leptin, Peptide YY, appetite recognition and dietary intake depending on intensity of treadmill exercise by targeting 10 adults with obesity. In first test, 1st blood collecting was carried out at 10:00 hours on the very date of test after maintaining fasting for 12 hours under the condition that exercise was not intervened and the targets were served with individual free meals after performing 2nd blood collecting on 14:00 hours. And afterwards, 3rd blood collecting was performed and appetite recognition of the targets was evaluated every 1 hour.
In 2nd test under the same condition with 1st test, low-intensity treadmill exercise of 40% VO2R was performed from 10:00 to 11:00 and in 3rd test, high-intensity treadmill exercise of 70% VO2R was carried out from 10:00 to 11:00. In order to identically control exercise amount as 300kcal at the time of intervention of low/high-intensity exercise, it was performed by applying individual exercise time by using exercise time estimation formula of ACSM (2010). Repeated measure two-way ANOVA was performed in order to analyze inter-test/time difference and interaction effect of dependent variables depending on treadmill exercise intensity and its result was represented as follows.
1. In case of inter-test difference depending on treadmill exercise intensity, as a result of performing post hoc test as significant difference was represented in satiety appetite recognition (p<.001) and dietary intake amount (p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise.
2. In case of inter-measurement time difference in the same test, as a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in Ghrelin (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be low in 1 hour (14:00) after meal rather than before meal (12:00), in low-intensity exercise test, it was represented to be high in the order of before meal (12:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) fasting condition (10:00) and in high-intensity exercise test, just before meal (12:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), only in non exercise test, it was represented to be high in 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in hunger recognition (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be low in the order of fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00), just after meal (13:00) rather than just before meal (12:00) and 1 hour after meal (14:00) and in both low/high intensity exercise test, it was represented to be high in fasting condition (10:00), just before meal (12:00) rather than just after exercise (11:00), just after meal (13:00) and 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in satiety recognition as well (p<.001), in all the test, it was represented to be high in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00) and just before meal (12:00) and low in 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than right after meal (13:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in expected dietary intake amount (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be high in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00) and right before meal (12:00) and in low intensity exercise test, it was represented to be the lowest in 1 hour after meal, highest in just before meal (12:00) than all the other measurement time and in high intensity exercise test, it was represented to be low in right after exercise (11:00), right after meal (13:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00) and right before meal (12:00).
3. As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Ghrelin (p<.001) in interaction effect of dependent variables depending on treadmill exercise intensity and measurement time, it was represented to be high in low & high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in 1 hour after meal (14:00).
As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in hunger recognition (p<.001), it was represented to be low in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise, low intensity exercise test in just after exercise (11:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in just before meal (12:00) and it was represented to be low in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise, low intensity exercise test in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00).
As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in satiety recognition as well(p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise in right after meal (13:00) and it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise than non exercise, low intensity exercise in 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in expected dietary intake amount as well (p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise in right after exercise (11:00) and it was represented to be low in low & high intensity exercise rather than non exercise in right after meal (13:00).
As a conclusion, high intensity exercise showed low appetite recognition for temporary hunger right after exercise but high dietary intake amount and even after meal, as high Ghrelin concentration and low PYY concentration were confirmed, high intensity exercise was confirmed to induce appetite and a lot of dietary intake.
1. 트레드밀운동 강도에 따른 실험 간 차이는 포만감 식욕인식에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고(p<.001), 식이섭취량에서 유의한 차이가 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) 실험, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 실험, 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 많은 것으로 나타났다.
2. 동일 실험 내 측정 시기 간 차이는 그렐린(Ghrelin)에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 식사 직전(12:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)에서는 식사 직전(12:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00), 공복 시(10:00) 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00)보다 식사 직전(12:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. Peptide YY(PYY)에서도 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.01) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서만 공복 시(10:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 높은 것으로 나타났다. 배고픔 인식에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise) 모두에서 운동직후(11:00), 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 보다 공복 시(10:00), 식사직전(12:00)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 포만감 인식에서도 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 모든 실험에서 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 높은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직후(13:00)보다 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 예상식이섭취량에서 유의한 주효과가 나타나(p<.001) 대비검증을 실시한 결과 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)에서는 공복 시(10:00), 공복 시 1시간 후(11:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00)에 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)에서 식사 후 1시간(14:00)이 모든 측정 시기보다 가장 낮게, 식사직전(12:00)에 모든 측정 시기보다 가장 높게 나타났으며, 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 운동직후(11:00)와 식사직후(13:00)에서 공복 시(10:00), 식사직전(12:00)보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
3. 트레드밀운동 강도와 측정시기에 따른 종속변인들의 상호작용 효과에서 그렐린(Ghrelin)은 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise) 실험에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. Peptide YY(PYY)에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.01) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) 실험에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 배고픔 인식에서 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 운동직후(11:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직전(12:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 식사직후(13:00), 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise) 보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 포만감 인식에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 식사직후(13:00) 시점에서 고강도 운동(high intensity exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise), 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났고, 식사 후 1시간(14:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise), 저강도운동(low intensity exercise)보다 고강도운동(high intensity exercise)에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 예상식이섭취량 인식에서도 유의한 상호작용이 나타나(p<.001) 사후검증을 실시한 결과 운동직후(11:00) 시점에서 고강도운동(high intensity exercise) , 저강도운동(low intensity exercise), 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise) 순으로 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 식사직후(13:00) 시점에서는 운동을 실시하지 않은 실험(non exercise)보다 저강도, 고강도운동(low & high intensity exercise)에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다.
결론적으로 이 연구에서 고강도운동은 운동직후 일시적인 배고픔에 대한 낮은 식욕인식을 보였지만, 많은 식이섭취량을 보였고 식사후에도 높은 그렐린의 농도와 낮은 Peptide YY(PYY) 농도를 확인하여 고강도운동은 식욕 및 많은 식이섭취를 유도하는 것을 확인하였다.
주요어: 비만, 운동강도, Ghrelin, Leptin, Peptide YY, 식욕인식, 식이섭취량
This study was performed for the purpose of observing change of Ghrelin, Leptin, Peptide YY, appetite recognition and dietary intake depending on intensity of treadmill exercise by targeting 10 adults with obesity. In first test, 1st blood collecting was carried out at 10:00 hours on the very date of test after maintaining fasting for 12 hours under the condition that exercise was not intervened and the targets were served with individual free meals after performing 2nd blood collecting on 14:00 hours. And afterwards, 3rd blood collecting was performed and appetite recognition of the targets was evaluated every 1 hour.
In 2nd test under the same condition with 1st test, low-intensity treadmill exercise of 40% VO2R was performed from 10:00 to 11:00 and in 3rd test, high-intensity treadmill exercise of 70% VO2R was carried out from 10:00 to 11:00. In order to identically control exercise amount as 300kcal at the time of intervention of low/high-intensity exercise, it was performed by applying individual exercise time by using exercise time estimation formula of ACSM (2010). Repeated measure two-way ANOVA was performed in order to analyze inter-test/time difference and interaction effect of dependent variables depending on treadmill exercise intensity and its result was represented as follows.
1. In case of inter-test difference depending on treadmill exercise intensity, as a result of performing post hoc test as significant difference was represented in satiety appetite recognition (p<.001) and dietary intake amount (p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise.
2. In case of inter-measurement time difference in the same test, as a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in Ghrelin (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be low in 1 hour (14:00) after meal rather than before meal (12:00), in low-intensity exercise test, it was represented to be high in the order of before meal (12:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) fasting condition (10:00) and in high-intensity exercise test, just before meal (12:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), only in non exercise test, it was represented to be high in 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in hunger recognition (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be low in the order of fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00), just after meal (13:00) rather than just before meal (12:00) and 1 hour after meal (14:00) and in both low/high intensity exercise test, it was represented to be high in fasting condition (10:00), just before meal (12:00) rather than just after exercise (11:00), just after meal (13:00) and 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in satiety recognition as well (p<.001), in all the test, it was represented to be high in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00) and just before meal (12:00) and low in 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than right after meal (13:00). As a result of performing a contrast verification as significant main effect was represented in expected dietary intake amount (p<.001), in non exercise test, it was represented to be high in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00), 1 hour after fasting (11:00) and right before meal (12:00) and in low intensity exercise test, it was represented to be the lowest in 1 hour after meal, highest in just before meal (12:00) than all the other measurement time and in high intensity exercise test, it was represented to be low in right after exercise (11:00), right after meal (13:00) rather than fasting condition (10:00) and right before meal (12:00).
3. As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Ghrelin (p<.001) in interaction effect of dependent variables depending on treadmill exercise intensity and measurement time, it was represented to be high in low & high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in 1 hour after meal (14:00).
As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in hunger recognition (p<.001), it was represented to be low in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise, low intensity exercise test in just after exercise (11:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in Peptide YY (PYY) as well (p<.01), it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise test in just before meal (12:00) and it was represented to be low in high intensity exercise test rather than non exercise, low intensity exercise test in right after meal (13:00), 1 hour after meal (14:00).
As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in satiety recognition as well(p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise in right after meal (13:00) and it was represented to be high in high intensity exercise than non exercise, low intensity exercise in 1 hour after meal (14:00). As a result of performing post hoc test as a significant interaction was represented in expected dietary intake amount as well (p<.001), it was represented in the order of high intensity exercise, low intensity exercise and non exercise in right after exercise (11:00) and it was represented to be low in low & high intensity exercise rather than non exercise in right after meal (13:00).
As a conclusion, high intensity exercise showed low appetite recognition for temporary hunger right after exercise but high dietary intake amount and even after meal, as high Ghrelin concentration and low PYY concentration were confirmed, high intensity exercise was confirmed to induce appetite and a lot of dietary intake.
목차
- Ⅰ. 서 론 11. 연구의 필요성 12. 연구목적 33. 연구가설 34. 용어의 정의 4Ⅱ. 연구방법 51. 연구대상 52. 실험방법 53. 실험설계 74. 검사항목 및 방법 85. 자료처리방법 10Ⅲ. 결과 및 논의 111. 결과 111) 그렐린(Ghrelin) 112) 렙틴(Leptin) 133) Peptide YY(PYY) 144) 식욕인식(appetite perception) 165) 식이섭취량(amount food intake) 222. 논의 231) 트레드밀운동 강도와 그렐린(Ghrelin), 렙틴(Leptin), Peptide YY(PYY) 232) 트레드밀운동 강도와 식욕인식 및 식이섭취량 25Ⅳ. 결론 및 제언 27참고문헌 29Abstract 35
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