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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문
- 저자정보
- 지도교수
- 우종명
- 발행연도
- 2022
- 저작권
- 충남대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
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초록· 키워드
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EMP(Electro Magnetic Pulse)는 일반적으로 고출력의 전자기파를 통칭하며, EMP 고출력 전자기파가 공기 중에 방사되면 인체에는 무해하지만 금속성 물질에는 유기되어 빠른속도로 전자기기를 파괴하거나 무력화 할 수 있다. 또한 전시상황에서는 EMP탄이나 HPM(High Power Microwave)등에 의해 피해를 입을 수 있으며 이에 대한 EMP 방호는 주로 시설 차폐 등 집중되어 유도포탄이나 미사일과 같은 소형 비행체를 위한 대응책은 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 공기 중에 방사되는 고출력의 전자기파로부터 유도포탄, 미사일과 같은 비행체의 내부 회로 및 기기의 파손을 방지하기 위해 안테나 자체에서 방전 기능을 갖는 EMP 방어용 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 설계 내용 및 특성에 대해 기술하였다. 먼저, 기본 λ/4 모노폴 안테나 및 이를 응용한 EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나의 설계 방법, 특성 분석 및 방전 효과에 대해 기술하였다. EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나는 기본 λ/4 모노폴 안테나를 기반으로 외부에서 방사되어 인입되는 고출력 전자기파가 안테나 방사 소자(Feeding element)를 통해 내부로 흘러 회로에 영향을 주지 않도록 무급전 소자를 안테나 외부에 결합하는 방법을 고안하였다. 방전 첨단부는 무급전 소자의 끝단과 접지면의 끝단이 마주보는 형태의 첨점으로 전압의 기울기(Voltage gradient)가 급격히 증가하면 양극에 전위차가 발생하게 되어 전압은 급격히 떨어지고 양극 사이의 기체가 이온화 되면서 방전 전류가 흐르며 고출력의 전자기파를 방전시키게 된다. 이에 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나를 제작하고 특성을 확인한 결과, 설계 주파수 1.575 GHz에서 모노폴 안테나의 특성과 유사함을 확인하였고 방전 시험을 통해 1690 V_rms에서 방전 현상이 발생하였으며 모노폴 방사 소자의 내심 전압은 13.4 V로 측정되어 방전 첨단부를 부착하지 않은 상태의 안테나 형상 보다 방전 효과가 극대화 됨을 확인하였다. 이 결과 방전 시점의 전압과 IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2의 복사성 방해 기준 전압인 5000 V 사이의 3310 V 구간은 방전을 통한 EMP 방어가 가능한 구간임을 확인하였다. 주파수 별 방전 시점은 60 Hz에서 규격 전압이 5000 V라고 가정하였을 때 1.575 GHz에서는 0.191 mV를 기준으로 하며, 60 Hz에서 1690 V, 마진 전압은 3310 V 일때, 1.575 GHz에서 0.064 mV, 마진 전압은 0.127 mV가 된다. 이를 전계값으로 환산했을 때 E1 HEMP 범위인 300 MHz에서 0.68 V/m. 1.575 GHz에서 0.13 V/m가 되므로 IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6(80dB 차폐) 기준인 0.005 kV/m(5 V/m)에 도달하지 않으며, 주파수가 높을수록 방전 효과가 극대화 됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나의 설계 방법과 특성 분석 및 방전 효과를 확인하여 고출력 전자기파를 방전하는 안테나를 제안할 수 있음을 검증하였다. 다음은 유도포탄, 미사일 등 비행체에 장착할 수 있는 EMP 방어용 프린트형 모노폴 안테나를 제안하였다. 앞서 EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나는 공기 중에 방사되어 인입되는 고출력 전자기파의 방전을 위해 모노폴 방사소자의 주변에 방전 첨단부를 갖는 무급전 소자를 결합한 형상으로 비행체 장착 시 외부에 노출되어 공기 저항을 받을 수 밖에 없으므로 공기 역학을 고려하여 안테나의 형상을 프린트형으로 고려하였고, 스트립라인 급전 구조를 이용하여 설계를 진행하였다. 스트립라인 급전은 폭 w를 갖는 전송선로와 높이 h를 갖는 유전체가 접지면에 둘러싸인 구조로 동축선로를 납작하게 누른 형태로 볼 수 있는데 상하부의 접지면과 유전체에 의해 TEM모드가 형성되는 특성으로 FR-4(εr = 4.3) 상하면에 접지면을 구성하고 λ/2 길이의 전송선로와 λ/4 길이의 모노폴 방사 소자를 하부 FR-4 기판의 상면에 에칭하여 구현하였고 무급전 소자는 모노폴 방사 소자를 보호할 수 있도록 배치하고 스루홀을 통해 상하부를 연결시켰으며, 무급전 소자의 끝단은 사각형, 삼각형, 창형의 방전 첨단부를 부착하여 고전압 인입 시 방전 현상을 유도하였다. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나를 제작하고 특성을 확인한 결과, 프린티드 모노폴 안테나의 특성과 유사하였고 방전 첨단부의 형상이 창형인 경우 방전 시점이 1657 V_rms로 측정되어 방전 현상이 가장 빠르게 나타남을 확인하였다. 또한 IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2 규격의 복사성 방해 기준 전압인 5000 V_rms 와 방전 시점의 마진 전압은 3324 V 로 방전을 통한 EMP 방어가 가능한 구간임을 확인하였다. 주파수 별 방전 시점은 60 Hz에서 규격 전압이 5000 V라고 가정하였을 때 1.575 GHz에서는 0.191 mV를 기준으로 하며, 60 Hz에서 1657 V, 마진 전압은 3343 V 일때, 1.575 GHz에서 0.063 mV, 마진 전압은 0.128 mV가 된다. 이를 전계값으로 환산했을 때 E1 HEMP 범위인 300 MHz의 경우 0.66 V/m. 1.575 GHz는 0.12 V/m가 되므로 IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6(80dB 차폐) 기준인 0.005 kV/m(5 V/m)에 도달하지 않으며, 주파수가 높을수록 방전 효과가 극대화 됨을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 본 논문에서는 공기 중에 방사되어 인입되는 고출력 전자기파를 안테나 자체에서 방전할 수 있는 EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나를 평면화하여 유도포탄 및 미사일과 같은 소형 비행체 장착 시 공기 저항에 대한 영향을 최소화 하였고, 설계 주파수 1.575 GHz로 최적화 함에 따라 항법용 안테나로 활용이 가능한 EMP 방어용 프린트형 모노폴 안테나를 제안하였다. 향후에는 다양한 플랫폼에서 EMP 방어용으로 활용할 수 있도록 기반 기술을 응용하여 개선된 안테나를 제안할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.
In this paper describes the design content and characteristics of a printed monopole antenna that discharge high-power electromagnetic waves from the antenna itself to prevent damage to circuits and devices inside the air vehicle due to high-power electromagnetic waves radiated into the air. EMP(Electro Magnetic Pulse) generally refers to high-power electromagnetic waves, and when high-power electromagnetic waves are radiated into the air, they are transmitted to metallic materials and can destroy or disable various electronic devices. Therefore, it can be damaged by EMP shells or HPM(High Power Microwave) emitting EMP during warfare, but EMP protection is concentrated on facility shielding, so countermeasures for air vehicles are insufficient. In particular, when air vehicles such as guided shells and missiles are affected by high-output electromagnetic waves, internal circuits may be damaged and a very dangerous situation may occur due to malfunction. To solve this problem, a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection that discharges high-power electromagnetic waves from the antenna itself was designed. First, a basic λ/4 monopole antenna and a monopole antenna for EMP protection using the same were designed, and characteristics analysis and discharge effect were confirmed. The monopole antenna for EMP protection is based on the basic λ/4 monopole antenna, and a parasitic element is combined on the outside of the antenna so that high-power electromagnetic waves radiated from the outside do not affect internal circuits and devices. The tip discharging high-power electromagnetic wave is arranged in a position where the end of the parasitic element and the end of the ground plane face each other, When the slope of the voltage rapidly increases, a potential difference occurs at the anode, and the voltage drops sharply, and the gas between the anodes is ionized, causing a current to flow, discharging a high-output voltage. As a result of fabricating a parasitic element-coupled monopole antenna for EMP defense with a discharge tip attached and checking the characteristics, it was confirmed that the characteristics were similar to those of the monopole antenna at a design frequency of 1.575 GHz. Discharge occurred at 1690 V_rms through the discharge test, and the internal voltage of the monopole radiating element was measured to be 13.4 V, confirming that the discharging effect was maximized compared to the shape of the antenna without the discharging tip attached. Also, it was confirmed that the 3310 V section between the voltage at the time of discharge and 5000 V, which is the reference voltage for radiated disturbance of IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2, is a section where EMP protection is possible. The discharge voltage for each frequency is based on 0.191 mV at 1.575 GHz when the standard voltage is 5000 V at 60 Hz, At this time, if the discharge voltage is 1690 V at 60 Hz and the margin voltage is 3310 V, the discharge voltage at 1.575 GHz is 0.064 mV and the margin voltage is 0.127 mV. When converted to electric field values, 0.68 V/m at 300 MHz, which is the E1 HEMP range. Since it becomes 0.13 V/m at 1.575 GHz, it does not reach 0.005 kV/m (5 V/m), which is IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6 (80 dB shielding) standard, and it was confirmed that the higher the frequency, the greater the discharge effect. In this way, it was verified that the design method, characteristic analysis, and discharge effect of the monopole antenna for EMP protection can be confirmed to suggest an antenna that discharges high-power electromagnetic pulse. The following proposes a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection that can be mounted on aircraft such as guided artillery shell and missiles. The monopole antenna for EMP protection analyzed earlier has a shape that combines a non-powered element with a discharge tip around the monopole radiating element for the discharge of high-power electromagnetic waves coming in from the air. Therefore, when the air vehicle is mounted, it is exposed to the outside and has no choice but to receive air resistance so the shape,of the antenna was a printed type in consideration of aerodynamics and the design was carried out using a stripline feeding structure. The stripline has a characteristic in that the TEM mode is formed in the form of a transmission line having a width w and a dielectric having a height h surrounded by a ground plane. The antenna was implemented by attaching a ground plane to the upper and lower parts of the FR-4 board, and etching a λ/2 length transmission line and a λ/4 length monopole feeding element on the upper surface of the lower FR-4 board. At this time, parasitic element was arranged to protect the monopole feeding element, and the upper and lower layers were connected a through hole. At the end of the parasitic element, a discharge phenomenon was induced when a high power electromagnetic wave was applied by attaching a discharge tip of a square, triangle, or spear shape. As a result of fabricating and analyzing the characteristics of a printed monopole antenna combined with a non-powered element for EMP defense, it showed similar characteristics to a printed monopole antenna. When the discharging tip is a window type, the discharge point is measured as 1657 V_rms, and the discharge phenomenon occurs the fastest was confirmed. In addition, 5000 V_rms, which is the reference voltage for radiated disturbance according to IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2, and the margin voltage at the time of discharge are 3324 V, confirmed that EMP protection through discharge is possible. The discharge voltage for each frequency is based on 0.191 mV at 1.575 GHz when the standard voltage is 5000 V at 60 Hz, At this time, if the discharge voltage is 1657 V at 60 Hz and the margin voltage is 3343 V, the discharge voltage at 1.575 GHz is 0.063 mV and the margin voltage is 0.127 mV. When converted to electric field values, 0.66 V/m at 300 MHz, which is the E1 HEMP range. Since it becomes 0.12 V/m at 1.575 GHz, it does not reach 0.005 kV/m (5 V/m), which is IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6 (80 dB shielding) standard, and it was confirmed that the higher the frequency, the greater the discharge effect.
In this paper, a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection was proposed so that the monopole antenna for EMP protection can be mounted on the air vehicles such as a missile. In the future, it is expected that an antenna with a wide bandwidth suitable for all GNSS bands (1.1 ∼ 1.9 GHz) will be implemented by applying the base technology, and the shape may be improved so that it can be used on various platforms.
In this paper describes the design content and characteristics of a printed monopole antenna that discharge high-power electromagnetic waves from the antenna itself to prevent damage to circuits and devices inside the air vehicle due to high-power electromagnetic waves radiated into the air. EMP(Electro Magnetic Pulse) generally refers to high-power electromagnetic waves, and when high-power electromagnetic waves are radiated into the air, they are transmitted to metallic materials and can destroy or disable various electronic devices. Therefore, it can be damaged by EMP shells or HPM(High Power Microwave) emitting EMP during warfare, but EMP protection is concentrated on facility shielding, so countermeasures for air vehicles are insufficient. In particular, when air vehicles such as guided shells and missiles are affected by high-output electromagnetic waves, internal circuits may be damaged and a very dangerous situation may occur due to malfunction. To solve this problem, a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection that discharges high-power electromagnetic waves from the antenna itself was designed. First, a basic λ/4 monopole antenna and a monopole antenna for EMP protection using the same were designed, and characteristics analysis and discharge effect were confirmed. The monopole antenna for EMP protection is based on the basic λ/4 monopole antenna, and a parasitic element is combined on the outside of the antenna so that high-power electromagnetic waves radiated from the outside do not affect internal circuits and devices. The tip discharging high-power electromagnetic wave is arranged in a position where the end of the parasitic element and the end of the ground plane face each other, When the slope of the voltage rapidly increases, a potential difference occurs at the anode, and the voltage drops sharply, and the gas between the anodes is ionized, causing a current to flow, discharging a high-output voltage. As a result of fabricating a parasitic element-coupled monopole antenna for EMP defense with a discharge tip attached and checking the characteristics, it was confirmed that the characteristics were similar to those of the monopole antenna at a design frequency of 1.575 GHz. Discharge occurred at 1690 V_rms through the discharge test, and the internal voltage of the monopole radiating element was measured to be 13.4 V, confirming that the discharging effect was maximized compared to the shape of the antenna without the discharging tip attached. Also, it was confirmed that the 3310 V section between the voltage at the time of discharge and 5000 V, which is the reference voltage for radiated disturbance of IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2, is a section where EMP protection is possible. The discharge voltage for each frequency is based on 0.191 mV at 1.575 GHz when the standard voltage is 5000 V at 60 Hz, At this time, if the discharge voltage is 1690 V at 60 Hz and the margin voltage is 3310 V, the discharge voltage at 1.575 GHz is 0.064 mV and the margin voltage is 0.127 mV. When converted to electric field values, 0.68 V/m at 300 MHz, which is the E1 HEMP range. Since it becomes 0.13 V/m at 1.575 GHz, it does not reach 0.005 kV/m (5 V/m), which is IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6 (80 dB shielding) standard, and it was confirmed that the higher the frequency, the greater the discharge effect. In this way, it was verified that the design method, characteristic analysis, and discharge effect of the monopole antenna for EMP protection can be confirmed to suggest an antenna that discharges high-power electromagnetic pulse. The following proposes a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection that can be mounted on aircraft such as guided artillery shell and missiles. The monopole antenna for EMP protection analyzed earlier has a shape that combines a non-powered element with a discharge tip around the monopole radiating element for the discharge of high-power electromagnetic waves coming in from the air. Therefore, when the air vehicle is mounted, it is exposed to the outside and has no choice but to receive air resistance so the shape,of the antenna was a printed type in consideration of aerodynamics and the design was carried out using a stripline feeding structure. The stripline has a characteristic in that the TEM mode is formed in the form of a transmission line having a width w and a dielectric having a height h surrounded by a ground plane. The antenna was implemented by attaching a ground plane to the upper and lower parts of the FR-4 board, and etching a λ/2 length transmission line and a λ/4 length monopole feeding element on the upper surface of the lower FR-4 board. At this time, parasitic element was arranged to protect the monopole feeding element, and the upper and lower layers were connected a through hole. At the end of the parasitic element, a discharge phenomenon was induced when a high power electromagnetic wave was applied by attaching a discharge tip of a square, triangle, or spear shape. As a result of fabricating and analyzing the characteristics of a printed monopole antenna combined with a non-powered element for EMP defense, it showed similar characteristics to a printed monopole antenna. When the discharging tip is a window type, the discharge point is measured as 1657 V_rms, and the discharge phenomenon occurs the fastest was confirmed. In addition, 5000 V_rms, which is the reference voltage for radiated disturbance according to IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 2, and the margin voltage at the time of discharge are 3324 V, confirmed that EMP protection through discharge is possible. The discharge voltage for each frequency is based on 0.191 mV at 1.575 GHz when the standard voltage is 5000 V at 60 Hz, At this time, if the discharge voltage is 1657 V at 60 Hz and the margin voltage is 3343 V, the discharge voltage at 1.575 GHz is 0.063 mV and the margin voltage is 0.127 mV. When converted to electric field values, 0.66 V/m at 300 MHz, which is the E1 HEMP range. Since it becomes 0.12 V/m at 1.575 GHz, it does not reach 0.005 kV/m (5 V/m), which is IEC 61000-6-6 Protection concept 6 (80 dB shielding) standard, and it was confirmed that the higher the frequency, the greater the discharge effect.
In this paper, a printed monopole antenna for EMP protection was proposed so that the monopole antenna for EMP protection can be mounted on the air vehicles such as a missile. In the future, it is expected that an antenna with a wide bandwidth suitable for all GNSS bands (1.1 ∼ 1.9 GHz) will be implemented by applying the base technology, and the shape may be improved so that it can be used on various platforms.
목차
- 제 1 장 서 론 11-1. 연구 배경 및 목적 11-2. 논문 구성 5제 2 장 EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나 62-1. 기본 λ/4 모노폴 안테나의 특성 62-2. EMP 방어용 모노폴 안테나 설계 92-2-1. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나 92-2-2. 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나 132-3. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나의 제작 및 분석 182-3-1. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나의 제작 182-3-2. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나의 특성 192-3-3. EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 모노폴 안테나의 방전 효과 212-4. 평가 29제 3 장 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나 313-1. 기본 프린트형 λ/4 모노폴 안테나의 특성 313-2. EMP 방어용 프린트형 모노폴 안테나 설계 353-2-1. 사각형 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 설계 353-2-2. 삼각형 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 설계 393-2-3. 창형 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 설계 433-3. EMP 방어용 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 제작 및 분석 483-3-1. 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 제작 483-3-2. 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 특성 513-3-3. 방전 첨단부를 부착한 EMP 방어용 무급전 소자 결합 프린트형 모노폴 안테나의 방전 효과 563-4. 평가 63제 4 장 결 론 66참 고 문 헌 69ABSTRACT* 71
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