목차

1. 1. Introduction 1
   1.1 The Present and Future of Hydrogen and Ammonia 3
   1.1.1Application of Ammonia in hydrogen production 4
   1.1.2. Ammonia production 5
   1.1.3 Properties of ammonia as a carbon-free energy source 7
   1.2 Literature review/theoretical framework 10
   1.2.1 Fundamentals of Ammonia combustion 10
   1.2.2 Challenges of Ammonia combustion 10
   1.3 Reactions Mechanisms of Ammonia Combustion 12
   1.3.1 Ammonia- air flames propagation characteristics 13
   1.3.2 The ignition characteristics of ammonia 19
   1.3.3 The formation of nitrogen oxides NOx 21
   1.3.4 The influence of equivalence ratio on NOx emission 24
   1.4 Ammonia combustion technologies 27
   1.4.1 Characteristics of Ammonia Flameless combustion 29
   1.4.2 Heat release characteristics of flameless ammonia-air combustion 29
   1.4.3 The lean blow-off limit of a flame 31
   1.5 Hazards and Safety issues of Ammonia Fuel 33
   1.5.1. Ammonia Fire and Explosion Risk 33
   1.5.2 Ammonia Corrosion Risk 35
   1.5.3. Health hazards of Ammonia 36
   1.5.4 Ammonia safety management 39
   Chapter 2: Ammonia Combustion Stability 43
   2.1 Combustion stability 43
   2.1.1 Ammonia flame stability condition and limits 44
   2.2 The Effective Factors of Ammonia Combustion Stability 54
   2.2.1 Effects of ammonia laminar flame speed on combustion stability 54
   2.2.2 The extinction of ammonia combustion flame 54
   2.2.3 The laminar burning velocity of ammonia effects on combustion stability 59
   2.2.4 Effects of ignition temperature on ammonia combustion stability 61
   2.2.5 Effects of heat released on ammonia combustion stability 62
   2.2.6 Effects of swirl number on ammonia combustion stability 62
   2.2.7 Effects of residence time on ammonia combustion stability 65
   2.2.8 Effects of O2 concentrations on ammonia combustion stability 65
   2.2.9 Effects of fuel composition and species on ammonia combustion stability 67
   Chapter 3: Ammonia Combustion Instability 68
   3.1 The characteristic of Ammonia Combustion instability 68
   3.2 Thermal diffusive instability of ammonia combustion 70
   3.3 Hydrodynamic instability characteristics of ammonia Combustion 74
   3.4 Thermo-acoustic instability characteristics of ammonia Combustion 79
   3.5 The spectrum of ammonia combustion species 81
   Chapter 4. Research methods and apparatus 91
   4.1 Research Motivation and Objectives 91
   4.1.1 Experimental set-up and configuration of flat flameless furnaces 93
   4.1.2 The geometric and detailed design of flat flameless ammonia combustor 95
   4.1.3 Measurement of ammonia combustion flue gas composition 96
   4.2 Elemental Analysis of Flow and Instability 97
   4.3 Experimental Condition and Parameters 99
   4.4 Optical Setup of Experimental System 101
   4.5. Safety and hazard Analysis of Ammonia in Flameless Combustion 105
   4.5.1 Hazard identification 105
   4.5.2 The health and safety assessment of ammonia combustion process 107
   5: Results and Discussion 109
   5.1. Experimental Results of Ammonia Flameless Combustion 109
   5.1.1 The real-time temperature data ammonia flameless combustion 109
   5.1.2 The emission characteristics of ammonia combustion flue gas 111
   5.1.3 The evaluation of ammonia combustion stability limits 115
   5.2 Optical Study of Ammonia Combustion Processes 118
   5.2.1 The emission spectrum from ammonia flameless combustion 120
   5.2.2 The UV,Visible and IR spectrum from ammonia flameless combustion and species in each of the regions 124
   5.2.3 The Effect of equivalence ratio on the spectra of ammonia combustion 133
   5.3 Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment of Ammonia Combustion 135
   5.3.1 Ammonia flameless combustion safety hazard identification 135
   5.3.2 Health hazard of ammonia flameless combustion 138
   5.3.3 Safety evaluation of released ammonia in exhaust gas 141
   5.3.4 Safety evaluation of released hydrogen in exhaust gas 143
   5.3.5 Safety evaluation of NOx emission in exhaust gas 144
   5.4. Safety risk assessment of experimental ammonia flameless combustion 145
   5.4.1 The risks associated with each components of experimental ammonia flameless combustion 145
   5.4.2 Summery of risk assessment of ammonia combustion hazards 147
   5.5. Control measures for safe use of ammonia in combustion 149
   5.5.1 The layers of protection analysis (LOPA) for control measures safe use of ammonia gas 149
   5.5.2 Preventive measures for safe handling of ammonia gas and fire suppression system 150
   Chapter 6: Conclusion remarks 152
   References 158
   Korean abstract 172
   Appendix 1: Technology of hydrogen production from ammonia 173
   Appendix 2: Health hazards and safety of ammonia 174
   Appendix 3: Utilizing ammonia combustion technology for carbon neutrality 175
   Appendix 4: Process of Converting Ammonia to Hydrogen 176
   Appendix 5: Green Hydrogen Production Technologies from Ammonia Cracking 177