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우리나라 ROTC 제도는 냉전체제 심화와 북한 도발 위협이 지속됨에 따라 유능한 초급장교를 충원하고, 평시부터 예비전력을 확보하기 위한 대책으로 1961년 도입되었다. 그동안 우리 군은 ROTC 제도를 통해 매년 임관하는 소위의 70% 이상을 양성해왔고, 양성된 인력은 군과 사회에서 주도적인 역할을 하면서 국가안보는 물론 국가발전에 많이 기여 해왔다. 그러나 최근 국가적인 인구감소 추세와 함께 병 복무기간 단축 및 봉급 인상 등의 병 복무 여건 개선에 따른 병사 대비 장교로 복무 시의 상대적 이점 감소, 단기복무 장교의 경우 과거 대비 전역 후 사회진출 시 유인가 (incentives) 소멸 등의 이유로 ROTC 제도가 근간이 흔들리면서 해마다 지원율 / 모집 경쟁비가 급감하고, 중도 포기자가 급증하는 등 심각한 위기 상황을 맞고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 우수 초급장교 자원을 안정적으로 획득하기 위해 초급장교 주 획득원인 ROTC 제도발전을 위한 개선 과제와 추진 방향을 제시하는 데 목적을 두었다. 연구 목적 달성을 위해 제도주의 통합적 관점에 따라 제3장에서는 제도변화 영향요인을 외부요인, 내부요인, 행위자 요인으로 재구조화하여 분석하며 우리 육군 ROTC 제도는 ‘왜 변화해야만 하는지’에 대한 당위성을 제기하였다. 제4장에서는 육군 ROTC 제도에 대한 전문가 / 수요자 의견 수렴(FGI) 후 학군단 운영체계, 모집 / 선발체계, 교육 / 훈련 체계, 복무 관리체계, 임관 후 지원체계 등의 5개 분석요인으로 구분하여 주요 쟁점과 관련 법령 및 예산을 중심으로 현행 ROTC 제도의 문제점 분석을 통해 육군 ROTC 제도는 ‘무엇을 변화해야 하는지’를 도출하였다. 추가하여, 우리 군에 적용할 수 있는 시사점 도출을 위해 외국군 사례를 분석하였다. 제5장에서는 제3장과 4장 분석 결과를 토대로 학군단 운영체계, 모집 / 선발체계, 교육 / 훈련체계, 복무 관리체계, 임관 후 지원체계 등 5개 분야를 중심으로 향후 육군의 ROTC 제도는 ‘어떻게 변화해야 하는가?’에 대한 세부 개선 과제를 도출하고 추진 방향을 제시하였다. 우선, 외부요인, 내부요인, 행위자 요인 등 3가지 주요 제도변화 영향 요인을 중심으로 현재의 육군 ROTC 인력획득 환경을 분석한 결과를 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외부요인으로 인구구조 / 사회환경 변화, 대학환경 변화, 경제 / 취업환경의 변화, 과학기술 발달 / 미디어 환경변화를 고려하였다. 분석 결과, 학군단 조직 / 편성, 예산 운영을 포함한 전반적인 학군단 운영 및 교내교육 체계는 전면 재검토되어야 할 필요성이 확인되었다. 또한, 지속 적인 예산 확보 노력과 ROTC 후보생들에게 새로운 취업환경에서 요구하는 능력을 구비시킬 수 있는 교육과 자기개발 여건 마련이 필요하다. 아울러, 미래 복잡․다양한 작전환경을 주도할 역량을 갖출 수 있게 할 교육체계로의 전환과 미디어 환경변화를 고려한 새로운 패러다임의 모집 홍보 전략이 필요할 때이다. 둘째, 내부요인으로 ROTC 인력획득 추이 변화, 국방혁신 4.0 추진, 국방인력 운영 환경 / 인력구조 변화, 병 복무 여건 변화, 여군 인력 확대 추세를 고려하였다. 분석 결과, ROTC 제도 역시 시대적 흐름에 맞추어 획기적인 변화와 개선이 요구되며, 이를 추진할 수 있는 우수자원 획득 및 초급장교 자원의 적정 획득 규모에 대한 고민, 그리고 전략이 필요하다. 아울러, 단기복무 장교 복무기간 단축과 초급간부의 처우 개선, 장기적인 관점에서 여군 비중 확대에 대한 심도 있는 고민과 논의가 필요할 때이다. 셋째, 행위자 요인으로 국민 안보 의식과 대군 인식, MZ 세대의 특성 / 가치관, 정부 / 이해관계자 의지를 고려할 때, 우리 군과 ROTC에 대한 이미지 제고를 위한 획기적인 방안, MZ 세대 요구를 충족시켜 ‘오고 싶은 군(직장)’을 만들 수 있는 제도적인 장치와 정책 마련이 필요하다. 아울러, 정부 / 이해관계자 모두 제도의 개선에 대한 의지가 확고한 현시점에서 우리 군은 과감한 ROTC 제도 개선을 추진해야 할 때이다. 다음으로, 학군단 운영체계, 모집 / 선발체계, 교육 / 훈련체계, 복무 관리체계, 임관 후 지원체계 등 5개의 분석요인별로 우리 육군의 ROTC 제도가 ‘무엇을 변화해야 하는지’, 그리고 이를 토대로 ‘어떻게 변화해야 하는지’에 대해 도출한 개선 과제와 추진 방향을 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학군단 운영체계에 있어 주요 쟁점은 ‘학군단이 정예 초급장교 자원의 양성을 위한 교육 및 훈육에 집중할 수 있는 여건은 잘 보장되어 있는가?’이다. 이를 분석한 결과와 이를 토대로 한 개선 과제 / 추진 방향 으로, ① 학군단 설치 근거 및 기준과 관련한 법령을 현실성 있게 보완할 필요가 있다. ② 학군단 운영 시스템 개선 / 예산지원 확대가 필요하다. ③ 국방부 학군단 설치대학 평가의 실효성을 제고해야 한다. ④ 학군단 조직 / 편성을 현실성 있게 재검토해야 한다. 둘째, 모집 / 선발체계에 있어 주요 쟁점은 ‘향후 ROTC 지원율 제고 및 양적․질적 획득 소요를 충족할 수 있는가?’이다. 이를 분석한 결과와 이를 토대로 한 개선 과제 / 추진 방향으로, ① 잠재적 지원자 확보 및 관리대책을 마련해야 한다. ② ROTC 후보생 선발 기준 / 방법을 개선할 필요가 있다. ③ 학군단 / 성별 모집정원을 탄력적으로 조정해야 한다. ④ MZ 세대 특성을 고려한 모집․홍보 전략을 마련해야 한다. 셋째, 학군단 교육 / 훈련체계에서 주요 쟁점은 ‘현행 체계로써 ROTC 후보생을 장교로서, 한 차원 더 나아가 국민의 한 사람으로서 국가와 군에 헌신할 수 있는 기본자질과 역량을 구비시킬 수 있는가?’이다. 이를 분석한 결과와 이를 토대로 한 개선 과제 / 추진 방향으로, ① 군사교육 책임의 한계를 재정립해야 한다. ② ROTC 특성에 부합하는 교육목표 재 정립이 필요하다. ③ 교내교육 과목 편성 및 교육 방법 개선이 필요하다. ④ 입영훈련 시기 및 방법의 개선이 필요하다. ⑤ ‘군사교육’의 개념 정립 및 관련 법령의 개정이 필요하다. ⑥ ROTC 양성과정 확대 개편 검토가 필요하다. 넷째, 복무 관리체계의 주요 쟁점은 ‘어떻게 하면 ROTC 후보생들의 중도 포기를 최소화하고 복무 만족도를 향상할 수 있는가?’다. 이를 분석 한 결과와 이를 토대로 한 개선 과제 / 추진 방향으로, ① 학군단 생활 여건 개선 / 자기개발 여건을 마련해야 한다. ② ROTC 후보생의 신분과 처우, 그에 맞는 책임을 부과할 필요가 있다. ③ 재학 기간 중 ROTC 후보생에 대한 경제적 지원 분야 및 규모에 대한 검토가 필요하다. ④ 군 가산복무 지원금과 군 장려금 정책에 대한 재검토가 필요하다. 다섯째, 임관 후 지원체계에 있어서 주요 쟁점은 ‘ROTC 지원 독려 및 장교로의 복무 의욕을 고취하는 데 있어 저해 요인은 무엇인가?’이다. 이를 분석한 결과와 이를 토대로 한 개선 과제 / 추진 방향으로, ① 현행 28개월인 단기복무 장교 복무기간 단축이 필요하다. ② 초급장교 처우를 개선해야 한다. ③ 장교에 대한 직업 안정성 보장 방안을 마련해야 한다. ④ 중기․의무복무 제대군인에 대한 취업 지원과 혜택을 확대해야 한다. 육군 ROTC 제도발전은 기본적으로 국방 인력체계 혁신 영역에서, 나아가 좀 더 구체적으로 수요자의 실제적 요구(Needs)를 고려하여 문제를 진단 및 해결해야 한다. 따라서 잠재적 지원자를 포함한 ROTC 관심 / 지원자들에게 병으로 입대하여 복무하는 것보다 장교로 군 복무하는 것이 더 유리하다고 생각하게 할 수 있는 유인가(incentives)가 있어야 한다. 결국, 군 내․외 변화하는 ROTC 인력획득 환경에 현실적으로 적절하게 대응하며 분야별 주요 쟁점에 대한 제도 개선, 관련 법령 정비, 적정 예산 지원으로 현재 육군의 ROTC 제도가 가지고 있는 근본적인 문제를 해결 해야 한다. 중요한 것은 더 이상 ROTC 인력획득 문제를 군이 혼자 책임 지게 해서는 안 된다는 것이다. 정부와 정치권의 전폭적인 지원 노력과 이해관계자, 그리고 국민적 관심과 지지가 절실한 시점이다. 국방혁신 4.0 의 핵심은 결국 미래를 이끌고 갈 인재 육성이다. 우수 인재를 육성하는 데 필요한 예산 투자를 주저하거나 인력획득 환경에 맞는 제도 개선에 소홀 하면 안 될 것이다. 예산이 부족하다고만 하기에는 현재의 초급장교 획득 상황이 너무 심각하다. 가능하도록 예산을 획득하기 위한 좀 더 적극적인 노력이 필요하다. 가용예산을 경중에 따라 조정하는 노력 또한 필요하다. 미국을 포함한 주요국 장교 육성제도에서 알 수 있듯이 중요한 것은 정부와 의회, 군이 하나가 되고 군에 대한 국민의 전폭적 신뢰와 신망이 있어야 군이 발전할 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서, 현재 심각한 상황으로 치닫고 있는 ROTC 제도의 현실적인 문제를 해결하고 튼튼한 국방을 만들어가기 위해 정부, 정치권, 군, 그리고 국민이 하나가 되어야 한다. 육군의 ROTC 제도 개선은 더 이상 미룰 수 없는 범국가적 관심 과제여야만 한다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 시도하지 않은 제도주의 통합적 관점이라는 연구분석의 틀로 논리적인 절차를 통해 인력획득 환경과 육군의 ROTC 제도를 종합적으로 분석하며 비교적 현실적이고 구체적인 문제 해결방안을 제시했다는 데서 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 특히, 본 연구는 육군 ROTC 제도와 관련한 최신화된 법령과 각종 통계자료 / 데이터, 미국을 포함한 주요국의 장교 육성제도에 대한 최신화된 내용을 담아냄으로써 향후 후속 연구자들이 ROTC 관련 연구를 수행하는 데 많은 참고와 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 다만, 본 연구에서 제시한 육군 ROTC 제도 개선 과제와 추진 - xviii - 방향에 있어서 ‘소망성’과 ‘실현 가능성’에는 근본적 한계가 있다. 그 이유는 제도를 개선하거나 특정 정책을 추진하는 데 있어 핵심은 법령과 예산이고, 이는 군 단독으로 시행하기는 어려운 분야이기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구 하고, 본 연구에서 제시한 육군 ROTC 제도 발전방안이 현재 우리 군이 직면하고 있는 초급장교 인력획득 문제를 해결하는 데 마중물 역할을 할 수 있기를, 아울러 제도발전을 위한 세부 개선 과제와 추진 방향이 앞으로 긍정적으로 검토되어 구체적인 ROTC 제도발전 및 인력 획득정책으로 이어 지기를 기대한다.
주제어 : 인력획득 환경, ROTC 제도, 제도주의, 학군단 운영, 모집 / 선발, 교육 / 훈련, 복무 관리, 임관 후 지원
The Korean ROTC system was introduced in 1961 as a measure to recruit competent beginner officers and secure reserve combat power from peacetime as the Cold War system intensifies and the North Korean’s threat of provocation continues. In the meantime, the Korean military has trained more than 70% of the second lieutenants who are commissioned every year through the ROTC system, and the trained human resources have played a leading role in the military and society, contributing a lot to national security as well as national development. The ROTC system is facing a serious crisis, with a sharp drops in the competition rate for recruitment every year and a rapid increase in the number of people who give up halfway.
The purpose of this study is to present improvement tasks on and directions of execution for the development of the ROTC system, which is the main source of acquisition of beginner officers, in order to stably acquire excellent beginner officer resources. In order to achieve the objectives of this research I used the integrated perspective of institutionalism. In Chapter 3, I raised the justification for "why should the Korean Army ROTC system change?" through restructuring and analyzing external factors, internal factors, and actor factors as factors influencing institutional change. In Chapter 4, I gathered expert & consumer opinions on Army ROTC system(FGI), and then I derived "what should the Army ROTC system change?" by analyzing the problems of the current ROTC system, focusing on major issues, related laws, and budgets after dividing the Army ROTC system into five analysis factors: the ROTC operation system, the recruitment and selection system, the education and training system, the service management system, and the post-commission support system. Additionally, I analyzed foreign military cases to derive implications applicable to our military. In Chapter 5, I derived detailed improvement tasks and suggested directions for implementation for "how should the Korean Army ROTC system change in the future?" focusing on five areas: the ROTC operation system, the recruitment & selection system, the education & training system, the service management system, and the post-commissioned support system, based on the results of the analysis in Chapters 3 and 4.
First of all, the results of analyzing the current Army ROTC manpower acquisition environment, focusing on three major factors influencing institutional change: external factors, internal factors, and actor factors, are summarized as follows.
First, I considered changes in the demographic structure and social environment, changes in the university environment, changes in the economic and employment environment, the development of science & technology and changes in the media environment as external factors. As a result of this analysis, the overall ROTC operation and in-school education system including ROTC organization & organizing, budget operation should be thoroughly reviewed. And, it is necessary to continuously secure the budget and prepare education and self-development conditions to equip cadets with the skills required in the new employment environment. In addition, it is time for a new paradigm of recruitment and promotion strategy that takes into account changes in the media environment and the transition to an educational system that can lead the complex and diverse operational environment in the future.
Second, I considered Changes in ROTC Manpower Acquisition Trends, the promotion of 「Defense Innovation 4.0」, changes in the operating environment of defense personnel and manpower structure, changes in military service conditions, and the trend of expanding female military personnel as internal factors. As a result of this analysis, the ROTC system also requires revolutionary change and innovation in line with the trend of the times, and it is necessary to consider the acquisition of excellent resources and the scale of appropriate beginner officer resources to promote them, and strategy. In addition, it is time for in-depth consideration and discussion on shortening the service period for short-term service officers, the improvement of treatment of beginner executives, and the increase in the proportion of female military personnel from a long-term perspective.
Third, considering the public security awareness and the perception of military, the characteristics and values of the MZ generations, and the will of the government and stakeholders as actor factors, it is necessary to prepare innovative measures to enhance the image of the Korean military and ROTC, an institutional mechanism and policies to create a "military(workplace) that wants to come" by meeting the needs of the MZ generations. In addition, at a time when both the government and stakeholders are determined to innovate the system, it is time for the Korean military push for drastic ROTC system innovation.
Next, the innovation tasks and directions derived by the Korean Army’s ROTC system on "what needs to change" and "how to change" based on five analysis factors, including the ROTC operational system, recruitment and selection system, education and training system, service management system, and post-commission support system, are as follows.
First, the main issue in the ROTC operation system is "Is the condition well guaranteed for ROTC to focus on education and discipline to foster elite beginner officer resources?" As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & direction of implementation based on this, it is necessary to realistically supplement the laws and regulations related to the basis and standards for the establishment of ROTC. ② It is necessary to improve ROTC operation system and expand budget support. ③ The effectiveness of the evaluation of universities where installed ROTC by the Ministry of National Defense should be improved. ④ The ROTC organization & organizing should be reviewed realistically.
Second, the main issue in the recruitment & selection system is ''Can it increase the ROTC support rate and meet the need for quantitative & qualitative acquisition in the future?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① measures to secure and manage potential applicants should be prepared. ② It is necessary to improve the criteria & methods for selecting ROTC cadets. ③ ROTC & gender recruitment quotas should be flexibly adjusted. ④ Recruitment & promotion strategies should be prepared in consideration of the characteristics of the MZ generations.
Third, the main issue in the ROTC education & training system is ''can the current system equip ROTC cadets with basic qualities and capabilities to devote to the state and military as officers and one of the people?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① the limits of military education responsibility should be re-established. ② It is necessary to re-establish educational goals that meet the characteristics of ROTC. ③ It is necessary to organize in-school education subjects and improve education methods. ④ It is necessary to improve the timing and method of enlistment training. ⑤ It is necessary to establish the concept of "military education" and amend related laws. ⑥ It is necessary to review the reorganization for expanding the ROTC training course.
Fourth, the main issue of the service management system is ''how to minimize the halfway abandonment of ROTC cadets and improve service satisfaction?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① it is necessary to improve living conditions of ROTC and prepare for self-development conditions. ② It is necessary to guarantee the status, treatment of ROTC cadets, and impose appropriate responsibilities in accordance with them. ③ It is necessary to review the field and scale of economic support for ROTC cadets during their school years. ④ It is necessary to review the policy of additional military service subsidies and military incentives.
Fifth, the main issue in the post-commissioned support system is ''What are the obstacles to encouraging ROTC support and inspiring motivation to serve as an officer?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① it is necessary to shorten the service period for short-term service officers, which is the current 28 months. ② The treatment of beginner officers should be improved. ③ It is necessary to come up with plans to ensure job security for beginner officers. ④ Employment support and benefits for mid-term & compulsory service discharged soldiers should be expanded.
Army ROTC system innovation should basically diagnose and solve problems in the field of innovation in the defense manpower system, and more specifically, in consideration of the actual needs of consumers. Therefore, there should be incentives to make ROTC interests & applicants, including potential applicants, think that it is more advantageous to serve as an officer than to enlist and serve as a soldier. In the end, it is necessary to respond appropriately to the changing ROTC manpower acquisition environment inside and outside the military, improve the system for major issues in each field, improve related laws, and support the appropriate budget to solve the fundamental problems of the Army''s ROTC system. The important thing is that the military should no longer be solely responsible for the ROTC manpower acquisition problem. It is a time when full support efforts from the government & political circles, attention & support from stakeholders and the public are urgently needed. The core of 「Defense Innovation 4.0」 is fostering human resources that will eventually lead the future. We should not hesitate to invest in the budget necessary to foster talented people or neglect to improve the system suitable for the manpower acquisition environment. The current situation of acquiring beginner officers is too serious to say that the budget is insufficient. More active efforts are needed to obtain a budget to make it possible. Efforts are also needed to adjust the available budget accordingly. One of the most important implications of the officer development system in major countries, including the United States, is that the military can develop only when the government, parliament, and the military become one and there must be full confidence and trust of the people in the military. Our country also needs the government, politicians, the military, and the people to unite to solve the practical problems of the ROTC system, which is currently in a serious situation, and create a strong national defense. The improvement of the Army’s ROTC system must be a pan-national concern that cannot be delayed any longer.
This study is meaningful in that it comprehensively analyzed the manpower acquisition environment and the Army''s ROTC system through logical procedures under the framework of a research analysis called the integrated perspective of institutionalism that has not been attempted in previous studies, and suggested relatively practical and specific problem solutions. In particular, this study is expected to provide a lot of reference and help for subsequent researchers to conduct ROTC-related research in the future by containing up-to-date laws and various statistical data related to the ROTC system and up-to-date information on the officer development system in major countries, including the United States. On the other hand, there are fundamental limitations to ''desirability'' and ''realizability'' in the improvement tasks and direction of implementation proposed in this study. The reason is that the key to improving the system or promoting a specific policies is laws and budgets, which are difficult areas to implement alone by the military. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the development plans of the Army ROTC System presented in this study can serve as a priming water to solve the problems of acquiring beginner officers currently facing the Korean military, and that the innovation tasks and direction of implementation will be positively reviewed and lead to specific ROTC manpower acquisition policies.
Key words : manpower acquisition environment, ROTC system, institutionalism, ROTC operation, recruitment & selection, education & training, service management, post-commissioned support
주제어 : 인력획득 환경, ROTC 제도, 제도주의, 학군단 운영, 모집 / 선발, 교육 / 훈련, 복무 관리, 임관 후 지원
The Korean ROTC system was introduced in 1961 as a measure to recruit competent beginner officers and secure reserve combat power from peacetime as the Cold War system intensifies and the North Korean’s threat of provocation continues. In the meantime, the Korean military has trained more than 70% of the second lieutenants who are commissioned every year through the ROTC system, and the trained human resources have played a leading role in the military and society, contributing a lot to national security as well as national development. The ROTC system is facing a serious crisis, with a sharp drops in the competition rate for recruitment every year and a rapid increase in the number of people who give up halfway.
The purpose of this study is to present improvement tasks on and directions of execution for the development of the ROTC system, which is the main source of acquisition of beginner officers, in order to stably acquire excellent beginner officer resources. In order to achieve the objectives of this research I used the integrated perspective of institutionalism. In Chapter 3, I raised the justification for "why should the Korean Army ROTC system change?" through restructuring and analyzing external factors, internal factors, and actor factors as factors influencing institutional change. In Chapter 4, I gathered expert & consumer opinions on Army ROTC system(FGI), and then I derived "what should the Army ROTC system change?" by analyzing the problems of the current ROTC system, focusing on major issues, related laws, and budgets after dividing the Army ROTC system into five analysis factors: the ROTC operation system, the recruitment and selection system, the education and training system, the service management system, and the post-commission support system. Additionally, I analyzed foreign military cases to derive implications applicable to our military. In Chapter 5, I derived detailed improvement tasks and suggested directions for implementation for "how should the Korean Army ROTC system change in the future?" focusing on five areas: the ROTC operation system, the recruitment & selection system, the education & training system, the service management system, and the post-commissioned support system, based on the results of the analysis in Chapters 3 and 4.
First of all, the results of analyzing the current Army ROTC manpower acquisition environment, focusing on three major factors influencing institutional change: external factors, internal factors, and actor factors, are summarized as follows.
First, I considered changes in the demographic structure and social environment, changes in the university environment, changes in the economic and employment environment, the development of science & technology and changes in the media environment as external factors. As a result of this analysis, the overall ROTC operation and in-school education system including ROTC organization & organizing, budget operation should be thoroughly reviewed. And, it is necessary to continuously secure the budget and prepare education and self-development conditions to equip cadets with the skills required in the new employment environment. In addition, it is time for a new paradigm of recruitment and promotion strategy that takes into account changes in the media environment and the transition to an educational system that can lead the complex and diverse operational environment in the future.
Second, I considered Changes in ROTC Manpower Acquisition Trends, the promotion of 「Defense Innovation 4.0」, changes in the operating environment of defense personnel and manpower structure, changes in military service conditions, and the trend of expanding female military personnel as internal factors. As a result of this analysis, the ROTC system also requires revolutionary change and innovation in line with the trend of the times, and it is necessary to consider the acquisition of excellent resources and the scale of appropriate beginner officer resources to promote them, and strategy. In addition, it is time for in-depth consideration and discussion on shortening the service period for short-term service officers, the improvement of treatment of beginner executives, and the increase in the proportion of female military personnel from a long-term perspective.
Third, considering the public security awareness and the perception of military, the characteristics and values of the MZ generations, and the will of the government and stakeholders as actor factors, it is necessary to prepare innovative measures to enhance the image of the Korean military and ROTC, an institutional mechanism and policies to create a "military(workplace) that wants to come" by meeting the needs of the MZ generations. In addition, at a time when both the government and stakeholders are determined to innovate the system, it is time for the Korean military push for drastic ROTC system innovation.
Next, the innovation tasks and directions derived by the Korean Army’s ROTC system on "what needs to change" and "how to change" based on five analysis factors, including the ROTC operational system, recruitment and selection system, education and training system, service management system, and post-commission support system, are as follows.
First, the main issue in the ROTC operation system is "Is the condition well guaranteed for ROTC to focus on education and discipline to foster elite beginner officer resources?" As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & direction of implementation based on this, it is necessary to realistically supplement the laws and regulations related to the basis and standards for the establishment of ROTC. ② It is necessary to improve ROTC operation system and expand budget support. ③ The effectiveness of the evaluation of universities where installed ROTC by the Ministry of National Defense should be improved. ④ The ROTC organization & organizing should be reviewed realistically.
Second, the main issue in the recruitment & selection system is ''Can it increase the ROTC support rate and meet the need for quantitative & qualitative acquisition in the future?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① measures to secure and manage potential applicants should be prepared. ② It is necessary to improve the criteria & methods for selecting ROTC cadets. ③ ROTC & gender recruitment quotas should be flexibly adjusted. ④ Recruitment & promotion strategies should be prepared in consideration of the characteristics of the MZ generations.
Third, the main issue in the ROTC education & training system is ''can the current system equip ROTC cadets with basic qualities and capabilities to devote to the state and military as officers and one of the people?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① the limits of military education responsibility should be re-established. ② It is necessary to re-establish educational goals that meet the characteristics of ROTC. ③ It is necessary to organize in-school education subjects and improve education methods. ④ It is necessary to improve the timing and method of enlistment training. ⑤ It is necessary to establish the concept of "military education" and amend related laws. ⑥ It is necessary to review the reorganization for expanding the ROTC training course.
Fourth, the main issue of the service management system is ''how to minimize the halfway abandonment of ROTC cadets and improve service satisfaction?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① it is necessary to improve living conditions of ROTC and prepare for self-development conditions. ② It is necessary to guarantee the status, treatment of ROTC cadets, and impose appropriate responsibilities in accordance with them. ③ It is necessary to review the field and scale of economic support for ROTC cadets during their school years. ④ It is necessary to review the policy of additional military service subsidies and military incentives.
Fifth, the main issue in the post-commissioned support system is ''What are the obstacles to encouraging ROTC support and inspiring motivation to serve as an officer?''. As a result of this analysis and the innovation task & promotion direction based on it, ① it is necessary to shorten the service period for short-term service officers, which is the current 28 months. ② The treatment of beginner officers should be improved. ③ It is necessary to come up with plans to ensure job security for beginner officers. ④ Employment support and benefits for mid-term & compulsory service discharged soldiers should be expanded.
Army ROTC system innovation should basically diagnose and solve problems in the field of innovation in the defense manpower system, and more specifically, in consideration of the actual needs of consumers. Therefore, there should be incentives to make ROTC interests & applicants, including potential applicants, think that it is more advantageous to serve as an officer than to enlist and serve as a soldier. In the end, it is necessary to respond appropriately to the changing ROTC manpower acquisition environment inside and outside the military, improve the system for major issues in each field, improve related laws, and support the appropriate budget to solve the fundamental problems of the Army''s ROTC system. The important thing is that the military should no longer be solely responsible for the ROTC manpower acquisition problem. It is a time when full support efforts from the government & political circles, attention & support from stakeholders and the public are urgently needed. The core of 「Defense Innovation 4.0」 is fostering human resources that will eventually lead the future. We should not hesitate to invest in the budget necessary to foster talented people or neglect to improve the system suitable for the manpower acquisition environment. The current situation of acquiring beginner officers is too serious to say that the budget is insufficient. More active efforts are needed to obtain a budget to make it possible. Efforts are also needed to adjust the available budget accordingly. One of the most important implications of the officer development system in major countries, including the United States, is that the military can develop only when the government, parliament, and the military become one and there must be full confidence and trust of the people in the military. Our country also needs the government, politicians, the military, and the people to unite to solve the practical problems of the ROTC system, which is currently in a serious situation, and create a strong national defense. The improvement of the Army’s ROTC system must be a pan-national concern that cannot be delayed any longer.
This study is meaningful in that it comprehensively analyzed the manpower acquisition environment and the Army''s ROTC system through logical procedures under the framework of a research analysis called the integrated perspective of institutionalism that has not been attempted in previous studies, and suggested relatively practical and specific problem solutions. In particular, this study is expected to provide a lot of reference and help for subsequent researchers to conduct ROTC-related research in the future by containing up-to-date laws and various statistical data related to the ROTC system and up-to-date information on the officer development system in major countries, including the United States. On the other hand, there are fundamental limitations to ''desirability'' and ''realizability'' in the improvement tasks and direction of implementation proposed in this study. The reason is that the key to improving the system or promoting a specific policies is laws and budgets, which are difficult areas to implement alone by the military. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the development plans of the Army ROTC System presented in this study can serve as a priming water to solve the problems of acquiring beginner officers currently facing the Korean military, and that the innovation tasks and direction of implementation will be positively reviewed and lead to specific ROTC manpower acquisition policies.
Key words : manpower acquisition environment, ROTC system, institutionalism, ROTC operation, recruitment & selection, education & training, service management, post-commissioned support
목차
- 차 례 ·ⅰ표 차례 ⅵ그림 차례 ⅺ국문 요약 xiii1. 서론1.1. 연구 배경 및 목적 11.2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 71.2.1. 연구의 범위 71.2.2. 연구 방법 ·101.3. 선행연구 검토 121.3.1. 연구 경향 ·121.3.2. 선행연구의 한계와 본 연구의 차별성 152. 이론적 논의 및 연구분석의 틀2.1. 제도주의 개념과 제도변화의 논리 202.1.1. 제도주의 개념 202.1.2. 제도변화의 논리 ·242.2. 인적자원관리 개념 / 체계 342.2.1. 인적자원관리의 개념 342.2.2. 군 인적자원관리 체계 362.3. 군 장교양성 제도 382.4. ROTC 제도 개관 412.4.1. ROTC 제도 도입 배경 ·412.4.2. ROTC 제도 변천 과정 ·432.5. ROTC 제도변화 영향요인 및 제도 분석요인 ·492.5.1. 제도변화 영향요인 492.5.2. 제도 분석요인 532.6. 연구분석의 틀 573. ROTC 인력획득 환경 분석 : 제도변화 영향요인을 중심으로3.1. 외부요인 ·603.1.1. 인구구조 / 사회환경 변화 ·613.1.2. 대학환경 변화 643.1.3. 경제 / 취업환경 변화 673.1.4. 과학기술 발달 / 미디어 환경 변화 733.2. 내부요인 ·763.2.1. ROTC 인력획득 추이 변화 763.2.2. 국방혁신 4.0 추진 783.2.3. 국방인력 운영 환경 / 인력구조 변화 823.2.4. 병 복무 여건 변화 853.2.5. 여군 인력 확대 923.3. 행위자 요인 ·953.3.1. 국민 : 안보 의식 / 대군 인식 변화 953.3.2. 병역자원 : MZ 세대의 특성 / 가치관 ·983.3.3. 정부 / 이해관계자 의지 1033.4. 분석 결과 종합 및 시사점 1084. ROTC 제도분석4.1. 육군 ROTC 제도 : 주요 쟁점 / 관련 법령․예산 중심으로 1124.1.1. 전문가 / 수요자 의견 수렴 : FGI를 중심으로 1124.1.2. 학군단 운영체계 1194.1.3. 모집 / 선발체계 1264.1.4. 교육 / 훈련체계 1364.1.5. 복무 관리체계 1454.1.6. 임관 후 지원체계 1544.2. 외국군 사례 분석 ·1634.2.1. 미국 ROTC 제도 1634.2.2. 주요국 장교 육성제도 : 이스라엘, 영국, 독일 중심으로 1884.3. 분석 결과 종합 및 시사점 1985. 육군 ROTC 제도 개선 과제와 추진 방향5.1. 정예자원 육성을 위한 학군단 운영체계 개선 2045.1.1. 학군단 설치 근거 / 기준 관련 법령 정비 ·2055.1.2. 학군단 운영 시스템 개선 / 예산지원 확대 2085.1.3. 국방부 학군단 설치대학 평가 의 실효성 제고 2115.1.4. 학군단 조직 / 편성 현실화 2135.2. 양적․질적 수요 충족을 위한 모집 / 선발체계 개선 2175.2.1. 우수자원 유인을 위한 기본 방향 정립 ·2175.2.2. 잠재적 지원자 확보 및 관리대책 강구 ·2185.2.3. ROTC 후보생 선발 기준 / 방법 개선 ·2225.2.4. 학군단 / 성별 모집정원 탄력적 조정 2265.2.5. MZ 세대 특성을 고려한 모집․홍보 전략 마련 2295.3. 기본자질과 역량 강화를 위한 교육 / 훈련체계 개선 2335.3.1. 군사교육 책임 한계 재정립 2335.3.2. ROTC 특성에 부합하는 교육목표 재정립 ·2355.3.3. 교내교육 과목 편성 및 교육 방법 개선 2385.3.4. 입영훈련 시기 및 방법 개선 ·2415.3.5. ‘군사교육’의 개념 정립 및 관련 법령 개정 2475.3.6. ROTC 양성과정 확대 개편 검토 2485.4. 만족도 향상을 위한 복무 관리체계 개선 ·2515.4.1. 학군단 생활 여건 개선 / 자기개발 여건 마련 2515.4.2. ROTC 후보생의 신분과 그 처우 기준 명확화 2555.4.3. 재학 기간 중 경제적 지원 확대 ·2585.4.4. 군 가산복무 지원금과 군 장려금 정책 개선 2625.5. 중․단기복무 장교 임관 후 지원체계 개선 2675.5.1. 단기복무 장교 복무기간 단축 2675.5.2. 초급장교 처우 개선 2715.5.3. 장교 직업 안정성 보장 방안 마련 2775.5.4. 중기․의무복무 제대군인 취업 지원 및 혜택 확대 2825.6. 종합 논의 및 분석 2876. 결론6.1. 연구 결과 요약 및 시사점 2976.2. 연구의 한계 및 후속 연구를 위한 제언 300참고문헌 305ABSTRACT 321부록 : FGI 결과(ROTC 제도 분석요인별 개인 의견) 330