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Explaining job satisfaction with compassion satisfaction, burnout, and
secondary traumatic stress as mediators among Eswatini Hospital Nurses
Globally, there has been an ever-increasing number of nurses leaving their countries
and jobs in search of better job opportunities in Western and European countries. Due to this,
African countries have been gradually experiencing an increasing needs-based shortage of
skilled nurses and other healthcare professionals. This could be attributed to high stress and
burnout as well as job dissatisfaction in the African context. Previous literature highlights
some important factors that contribute greatly towards job satisfaction, such as resilience,
social support, and teamwork, and while the effects on job satisfaction of these three factors
have been explored to some extent, there is a need to examine the underlying processes that
mediate these relationships. Compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress are three constructs that may act as mediators between these factors and Job satisfaction. As a result, this study aimed to ascertain the hypothesized model of the effect of resilience, social support, and teamwork on job satisfaction among hospital nurses in Eswatini mediated by
compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. This study was a correlational cross-sectional study conducted with hospital nurses from inpatient and acute-care units from four government hospitals in Eswatini. Participants completed an electronic survey consisting of structured questionnaires to assess resilience, teamwork, social support, compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, job satisfaction and demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, correlational, multiple regression and structural equational modeling were carried out using IBM 26.0 and AMOS 26.0.
A total of 207 nurses participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was
32.3±10.01years, 67.1% were female, and 64.3% were single. 44.2% of respondents were
living with family, and 56.5 had a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. 61.7% had 1 to 6
years of overall work experience, and 52.4% had 1 to 6 years of work experience in the
current setting. 53.6% described their work setting as urban. The final model reported only
one desirable fit with significant paths. Results showed that although compassion satisfaction
had no significant mediating effect among any of our variables, burnout and secondary
traumatic stress partially mediated the effect of social support and teamwork on job
satisfaction. Resilience shared no significant direct effect on job satisfaction, while teamwork
and social support had a significant direct effect on job satisfaction.
In conclusion, the well-being and job satisfaction of hospital nurses in the kingdom of Eswatini depends on their levels of stress and burnout. However, further research is necessary to understand the complexities of the relationships between compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, with strong considerations to be given to context.
Keywords: Compassion fatigue, Secondary traumatic stress, Burnout, Resilience, Social
support Teamwork, Job satisfaction
secondary traumatic stress as mediators among Eswatini Hospital Nurses
Globally, there has been an ever-increasing number of nurses leaving their countries
and jobs in search of better job opportunities in Western and European countries. Due to this,
African countries have been gradually experiencing an increasing needs-based shortage of
skilled nurses and other healthcare professionals. This could be attributed to high stress and
burnout as well as job dissatisfaction in the African context. Previous literature highlights
some important factors that contribute greatly towards job satisfaction, such as resilience,
social support, and teamwork, and while the effects on job satisfaction of these three factors
have been explored to some extent, there is a need to examine the underlying processes that
mediate these relationships. Compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress are three constructs that may act as mediators between these factors and Job satisfaction. As a result, this study aimed to ascertain the hypothesized model of the effect of resilience, social support, and teamwork on job satisfaction among hospital nurses in Eswatini mediated by
compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. This study was a correlational cross-sectional study conducted with hospital nurses from inpatient and acute-care units from four government hospitals in Eswatini. Participants completed an electronic survey consisting of structured questionnaires to assess resilience, teamwork, social support, compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, job satisfaction and demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, correlational, multiple regression and structural equational modeling were carried out using IBM 26.0 and AMOS 26.0.
A total of 207 nurses participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was
32.3±10.01years, 67.1% were female, and 64.3% were single. 44.2% of respondents were
living with family, and 56.5 had a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. 61.7% had 1 to 6
years of overall work experience, and 52.4% had 1 to 6 years of work experience in the
current setting. 53.6% described their work setting as urban. The final model reported only
one desirable fit with significant paths. Results showed that although compassion satisfaction
had no significant mediating effect among any of our variables, burnout and secondary
traumatic stress partially mediated the effect of social support and teamwork on job
satisfaction. Resilience shared no significant direct effect on job satisfaction, while teamwork
and social support had a significant direct effect on job satisfaction.
In conclusion, the well-being and job satisfaction of hospital nurses in the kingdom of Eswatini depends on their levels of stress and burnout. However, further research is necessary to understand the complexities of the relationships between compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress, with strong considerations to be given to context.
Keywords: Compassion fatigue, Secondary traumatic stress, Burnout, Resilience, Social
support Teamwork, Job satisfaction
목차
- ABBREVIATIONS XII. INTRODUCTION 11.1 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PURPOSE 61.2 SPECIFIC AIMS 61.3 HYPOTHESIS. 61.4 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS (KEY TERMS) 7II. LITERATURE REVIEW . 102.1 RESILIENCE . 102.2 SOCIAL SUPPORT 112.3 TEAMWORK 122.4 JOB SATISFACTION 122.5 COMPASSION SATISFACTION . 142.6 BURNOUT 152.7 SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS 162.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 17III. METHODS 193.1 STUDY SETTING . 193.2 STUDY PARTICIPANTS . 193.3 MEASUREMENTS 203.4 PILOT STUDY 243.5 STUDY PROCEDURES 243.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 253.7 DATA ANALYSIS . 26III. RESULTS 284.1 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS . 284.2 THE LEVEL OF COMPASSION SATISFACTION, BURNOUT, AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS 314.3 UNIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESILIENCE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, TEAMWORK, COMPASSIONSATISFACTION, BURNOUT, AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS 334.4 IDENTIFICATION OF PREDICTORS FOR JOB SATISFACTION 354.5 IDENTIFICATION OF PREDICTORS TO MEDIATORS . 374.6 MEDIATING ROLE OF COMPASSION SATISFACTION, SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS, AND BURNOUT IN THERELATIONSHIP OF RESILIENCE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND TEAMWORK WITH JOB SATISFACTION 43IV. DISCUSSION 555.1 STAMM’S PROFESSIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE MODEL 555.2 MEDIATION OF COMPASSION SATISFACTION, BURNOUT AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS BETWEENRESILIENCE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, TEAMWORK, AND JOB SATISFACTION 575.3 EFFECTS OF RESILIENCE ON JOB SATISFACTION 605.4 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND TEAMWORK ON JOB SATISFACTION 61LIMITATIONS 62IMPLICATIONS 63CONCLUSION . 63V. REFERENCES 65APPENDICES . 77
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