목차

1. List of Tables···················································································ⅷ
   List of Figures····················································································ⅸ
   Abstract ··························································································ⅺi
   CHAPTER 1
   INTRODUCTION ·······························································1
   1.1 Research Background ·································································· 2
   1.2 Purpose of Study ········································································ 3
   1.3 Operational Definition of Terms ······················································ 3
   1.3.1 Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain··········································· 3
   1.3.2 Gait··················································································· 4
   1.3.3 Perceived Disability································································ 4
   1.3.4 Pain ·················································································· 4
   1.4 Delimitations············································································· 4
   CHAPTER 2
   REVIEW OF LITERATURE ·················································5
   2.1 Low Back Pain ········································································· 6
   2.1.1 Pathophysiological Risk Factors of Low Back Pain ··························· 6
   2.2 Gait Pattern in Patients with Low Back Pain········································· 7
   2.2.1 Normal Gait Patterns ······························································ 7
   2.2.2 Pathological Gait Motion Associated with Low Back Pain··················· 8
   2.3 Perceived Disability and Pain of Low Back Pain Patients·························10
   CHAPTER 3: STUDY 1
   Effects of Exercise Intervention on Gait Characteristics in Patients
   with Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain–A Systematic Review and
   Meta-Analysis···································································12
   3.1 Abstract ················································································13
   3.2 Introduction ·············································································14
   3.3 Method·······················································································16
   3.3.1 Literature Search Strategy ························································16
   3.3.2 Eligibility Criteria ·································································16
   3.3.2.1 Inclusion Criteria····························································18
   3.3.2.2. Exclusion Criteria ··························································18
   3.3.3 Risk of Bias Assessment ·························································19
   3.3.4 Assessment of Publication Bias ·················································19
   3.3.5 Data synthesis and Extraction ···················································20
   3.4 Result ························································································22
   3.4.1 Study Selection ····································································22
   3.4.2 Risk of Bias and Level of Evidence·············································23
   3.4.3 Publication Bias ···································································25
   3.4.4 Data Synthesis ·····································································27
   3.4.5 Characteristics of Participants and Research Designs ························27
   3.4.6 Gait Speed··········································································33
   3.4.7 Step Length ········································································34
   3.4.8 Ratio of Single Leg Support ·····················································35
   3.4.9. Cadence············································································36
   3.4.10 Subgroup Analysis·······························································37
   3.4.10.1 Effect Size by Age Group·················································38
   3.4.10.2 Effect Size by Type of Exercise Intervention···························39
   3.5 Discussion···················································································44
   3.5.1 Overall Effect of Gait Characteristics ··········································44
   3.5.2 Gait Speed··········································································44
   3.5.3 Fast Walk Speed···································································47
   3.5.4 Step Length ········································································48
   3.5.5 Single Limb Support During Gait···············································48
   3.5.6 Cadence ············································································49
   3.5.7 Overall Implications & Limitations·············································49
   3.6 Conclusion ··················································································51
   CHAPTER 4: STUDY 2
   Effects of Exercise Intervention on Patient-Oriented Outcomes in
   Individuals with Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain–A Systematic
   Review and Meta-Analysis ··················································· 52
   4.1 Abstract ····················································································53
   4.2 Introduction ·················································································55
   4.3 Method·······················································································57
   4.3.1 Literature Search Strategy ························································57
   4.3.2 Eligibility Criteria ·································································57
   4.3.2.1 Inclusion Criteria····························································59
   4.3.2.2 Exclusion Criteria ···························································59
   4.3.3 Risk of Bias Assessment ·························································60
   4.3.4 Assessment of Publication Bias ·················································60
   4.3.5 Data synthesis and Extraction ···················································60
   4.4 Result ························································································63
   4.4.1 Study Selection ····································································63
   4.4.2 Risk of Bias and Level of Evidence·············································65
   4.4.3 Publication Bias ···································································65
   4.4.4 Data Synthesis ·····································································67
   4.4.5 Characteristics of Participants and Research Designs ························67
   4.4.6 Perceived Disability·······························································84
   4.4.7 Pain ·················································································84
   4.4.8 Subgroup Analysis ································································84
   4.4.8.1 Effect Size by Age Group···················································85
   4.4.8.2 Effect Size by Type of Exercise Intervention·····························85
   4.4.8.2.1 Effect of Aerobic Training················································86
   4.4.8.2.2 Effect of Alternative Medicine ···········································88
   4.4.8.2.3 Effect of Aquatic Exercise················································89
   4.4.8.2.4 Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ································91
   4.4.8.2.5 Effect of McKenzie Exercise ·············································92
   4.4.8.2.6 Effect of Resistance Training·············································93
   4.4.8.2.7 Effect of Stabilization/motor Control Training·························97
   4.4.8.2.8 Effect of Stretching ························································98
   4.4.8.2.9 Effect of Other Interventions ·············································98
   4.5 Discussion ·············································································· 100
   4.5.1 Overall Effect of Patient-oriented Outcomes ································ 100
   4.5.2 Effect of Aerobic Training ····················································· 101
   4.5.3 Effect of Alternative Medicine ················································ 102
   4.5.4 Effect of Aquatic Exercise ····················································· 103
   4.5.5 Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ····································· 103
   4.5.6 Effect of McKenzie Exercise ·················································· 104
   4.5.7 Effect of Resistance Training·················································· 105
   4.5.8 Effect of Stabilization/motor control training································ 106
   4.5.9 Effect of Stretching ····························································· 106
   4.5.10 Overall Implications & Limitations ········································· 107
   4.6 Conclusion·············································································· 108
   CHAPTER 5
   CONCLUSIONS ······························································109
   5.1 Summary of Findings·································································· 110
   5.2 Limitations & Future Research Directions·········································· 112
   REFERENCES ································································114
   APPENDICES ·································································154
   Appendix 1. Combining keyword for literature search of study 1 ······················ 154
   Appendix 2. Combining keyword for literature search of study 2 ······················ 175
   Appendix 3. Risk of Bias assessment using ROB-2 in study 2 ························· 191
   Appendix 4. Forest plot of the effect size on perceived disability ······················ 193
   Appendix 5. Forest plot of the effect size on pain ········································ 194
   Appendix 6. PRISMA checklist of study 1 ················································ 195
   Appendix 7. PRISMA checklist of study 2 ················································ 200
   국문요약 ········································································205