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Chinese Communists have glorified Mao Tse-tung thought as a developed form of Marx-Leninism dexterously applied to China, and with their "Great Cultural Revolution" as a momentum, they have gone so far as to stress the so-called universality of Mao Tse-tung thought.
In view of the fact that Mao Tse-tung has advocated the reconcilation of theory and practice and as long as he holds the reins of the Chinese Communist Party, it is almost impossible to view the current developments in China in a proper perspective, without due regard to Mao Tse-tung thought. The important element of Mao Tse-tung thought is its reliance upon human will. The Great Cultural Revolution is an overt indication of the evidence that Mao Tse-tung places more emphasis on a deliberate change of material conditions rather than the role of economic determining conditions. In order words,Mao Tse-tung, who attaches more importance to the human will than material conditions, appears to be convinced that he can attain an economic objective by mobilizing the will of the masses politically and ideologically. Such a basic attitude is reflected in his "Theory of the People's War" which emphasizes politically awakened people more than weapons for a victory in modern warfare.
A great number of materials on the Great cultural Revolution have been provided, but they are mostly from press sources; consequently, they are often spotty and fragmental. For this reason, at present no materials that give an entire picture of the Revolution are available to us. Thus, views vary widely on the Great Cultural Revolution,l some people regarding it as a consciousness revolution, some as a policy dispute, some as a power struggle revolving around succession to Mao, some as a class struggle, and some as an ideological dispute. However, these views are nothing but differences of expression, according to which a main viewpoint is placed, rather than completely different views based on standpoints entirely separate from one another. In other words, an attempt to analyze the entire picture of the Great Cultural Revolution only from a certain specific viewpoint will over-simplify factors acting on it. Besides, the situation on the China mainland today cannot be separated from the historical past. Of course, there is a great difference between the past and the present. In a sense, the history of the Chinese Communist Party can be regarded as a history of factional or power struggle. In the past, however, no challenge had ever been made against the leadership of Mao Tse-tung, even when factional strifes were in progress. On the contrary, in the Great Cultural Revolution there is an indication that the leadership of Mao Tse-tung has been challenged. Herein lies the seriousness of the situation in China today. However, this seriousness is the cumulative result of situations in the past.
In this sense, an analysis of the situation developing in Communist China today should be attempted from two dimensions- the Mao Tse-tung thought and the historical development of revolutionary stages. The confused situation in Communist China resulting from the turbulent Great Cultural Revolution can be considered a link in the chain of consecutive revolutions from the past and also an absolutization movement of Mao Tse-tung thought. The position of Mao as a revolutionist is always confused with or regarded in the same light as his position as a worldly politician. Mao Tse-tung thought is revolutionary ideas and at the same time a system ideology. The Mao Tse-tung thought prior to his rise to power was rich in the color of revolutionary ideas with the ultimate objective of communizing China. However, after appearing in the limelight as an actual political leader of mainland China, his thought came to take on the color of system ideology for national development rather than for Communist revolution. Be that as it may, from the standpoint of Mao Tse-tung it cannot be said that the national development of Communist China today has nothing to do with his self=styled revolution. Viewed in this manner, the current situation in Communist China can be concluded as a movement to stabiliza the Mao Tse-tung thought as revolutionary ideas and a system ideology. However, such a self-stabilization movement is of neccessity accompanied by the phenomenon of power struggle. Thus, a continueous revolution for self-stabilization as a motive and a power struggle as its effect come to stand in inseparable relations.
When the movement to stabilize Mao Tse-tung thought as revolutionary ideas and a system ideology become absolutized, it grew into a forceful movement. And as this forceful movement failed to appeal to the masses, the leadership of Mao Tse-tung has come to face its gravest crisis.
In this stabilization-absolutization movement, the military headed by Lin Piao has played an important role as a major driving power. In order to push forward with the Great Cultural Revolution. Mao Tse-tung carried out the propagation of Maoism first in the military and then in the rural community, on the basis of which he seems to have launched criticisms of art and learning as an attack on urban communities, the strongholds of the anti-Mao faction. Inasmuch as their criticism of art and learning was launched from the ideological standpoint, it has naturally fomented a factional strife within their party. What we should not overlook is the fact that Lin Piao does not have the military at his complete command and that the lineages of the Mao faction and the anti-Mao faction are both complicated. Thus, the struggle of the Mao faction versus the anti-Mao faction is evolving in the two poles of confrontation and compromise.
The genealogical complexities of the two conflicting factions make it inevitable to fight against each other for an overwhelming predominance over the opposite faction. It is because of the power struggle between the two conflicting factions that Mao Tse-tung long since began saving the confused situation created by the execution of revolution. Viewed in this light, as long as Mao Tse-tung reigns over the Chinese Communist Party, the Key to saving the current situation in China seems to be still in the hands of Mao Tse-tung in spite of the strong resistence of the anti-Mao faction. However, it may be rash to predict that Lin Piao will be a successor to Mao Tse-tung.
In view of the fact that Mao Tse-tung has advocated the reconcilation of theory and practice and as long as he holds the reins of the Chinese Communist Party, it is almost impossible to view the current developments in China in a proper perspective, without due regard to Mao Tse-tung thought. The important element of Mao Tse-tung thought is its reliance upon human will. The Great Cultural Revolution is an overt indication of the evidence that Mao Tse-tung places more emphasis on a deliberate change of material conditions rather than the role of economic determining conditions. In order words,Mao Tse-tung, who attaches more importance to the human will than material conditions, appears to be convinced that he can attain an economic objective by mobilizing the will of the masses politically and ideologically. Such a basic attitude is reflected in his "Theory of the People's War" which emphasizes politically awakened people more than weapons for a victory in modern warfare.
A great number of materials on the Great cultural Revolution have been provided, but they are mostly from press sources; consequently, they are often spotty and fragmental. For this reason, at present no materials that give an entire picture of the Revolution are available to us. Thus, views vary widely on the Great Cultural Revolution,l some people regarding it as a consciousness revolution, some as a policy dispute, some as a power struggle revolving around succession to Mao, some as a class struggle, and some as an ideological dispute. However, these views are nothing but differences of expression, according to which a main viewpoint is placed, rather than completely different views based on standpoints entirely separate from one another. In other words, an attempt to analyze the entire picture of the Great Cultural Revolution only from a certain specific viewpoint will over-simplify factors acting on it. Besides, the situation on the China mainland today cannot be separated from the historical past. Of course, there is a great difference between the past and the present. In a sense, the history of the Chinese Communist Party can be regarded as a history of factional or power struggle. In the past, however, no challenge had ever been made against the leadership of Mao Tse-tung, even when factional strifes were in progress. On the contrary, in the Great Cultural Revolution there is an indication that the leadership of Mao Tse-tung has been challenged. Herein lies the seriousness of the situation in China today. However, this seriousness is the cumulative result of situations in the past.
In this sense, an analysis of the situation developing in Communist China today should be attempted from two dimensions- the Mao Tse-tung thought and the historical development of revolutionary stages. The confused situation in Communist China resulting from the turbulent Great Cultural Revolution can be considered a link in the chain of consecutive revolutions from the past and also an absolutization movement of Mao Tse-tung thought. The position of Mao as a revolutionist is always confused with or regarded in the same light as his position as a worldly politician. Mao Tse-tung thought is revolutionary ideas and at the same time a system ideology. The Mao Tse-tung thought prior to his rise to power was rich in the color of revolutionary ideas with the ultimate objective of communizing China. However, after appearing in the limelight as an actual political leader of mainland China, his thought came to take on the color of system ideology for national development rather than for Communist revolution. Be that as it may, from the standpoint of Mao Tse-tung it cannot be said that the national development of Communist China today has nothing to do with his self=styled revolution. Viewed in this manner, the current situation in Communist China can be concluded as a movement to stabiliza the Mao Tse-tung thought as revolutionary ideas and a system ideology. However, such a self-stabilization movement is of neccessity accompanied by the phenomenon of power struggle. Thus, a continueous revolution for self-stabilization as a motive and a power struggle as its effect come to stand in inseparable relations.
When the movement to stabilize Mao Tse-tung thought as revolutionary ideas and a system ideology become absolutized, it grew into a forceful movement. And as this forceful movement failed to appeal to the masses, the leadership of Mao Tse-tung has come to face its gravest crisis.
In this stabilization-absolutization movement, the military headed by Lin Piao has played an important role as a major driving power. In order to push forward with the Great Cultural Revolution. Mao Tse-tung carried out the propagation of Maoism first in the military and then in the rural community, on the basis of which he seems to have launched criticisms of art and learning as an attack on urban communities, the strongholds of the anti-Mao faction. Inasmuch as their criticism of art and learning was launched from the ideological standpoint, it has naturally fomented a factional strife within their party. What we should not overlook is the fact that Lin Piao does not have the military at his complete command and that the lineages of the Mao faction and the anti-Mao faction are both complicated. Thus, the struggle of the Mao faction versus the anti-Mao faction is evolving in the two poles of confrontation and compromise.
The genealogical complexities of the two conflicting factions make it inevitable to fight against each other for an overwhelming predominance over the opposite faction. It is because of the power struggle between the two conflicting factions that Mao Tse-tung long since began saving the confused situation created by the execution of revolution. Viewed in this light, as long as Mao Tse-tung reigns over the Chinese Communist Party, the Key to saving the current situation in China seems to be still in the hands of Mao Tse-tung in spite of the strong resistence of the anti-Mao faction. However, it may be rash to predict that Lin Piao will be a successor to Mao Tse-tung.
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