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This essay aims to give an overall view of historical study at the university level in present Germany. The German universities played a leading role in process of the institutionalization of history as an independent scientific discipline, i. e. the establishment of academic history. It was deeply connected with the basic reorganization of German university system in the first decade of the 19th century. Nowadays in almost every country the profession of history is unthinkable without the university system. Professional historians are trained through the university study and doing their profession (teaching and research) mainly on the institutional basis of university system.
The study of history at the German universities is here regarded as a result of long development of institutionalization of history in the university system. The emphasis of discussion is laid on the present training system of historians at German universities, mainly on the case of university of Gottingen.
The study of history in German universities was commited exclusively to the so called Humboldtian ideas of education and scholarship. According to this belief the university should function simultaneously both as a research and as an educational institution. Still a set of maxims dominates the historical study at the German universities: the freedom of teaching and learning, the unity of research and teaching.
In Germany historical study aims up to now strongly to train professional historians who can carry out their research on the ground of primary source materials. The students of history are expected to become teachers in the public high school (Gymnasium), scholarly archivists in one of the many archival establishments of country and to go on a genuine academic career.
The German university system does not know the sharp division of college and graduate school system (in American style). The students enjoy normally a great variety of freedom in process of their study up to the arts of their graduation. The obligatory courses are very limited and there are generally no exactly defined curricula. However they must fulfill some requirements which are imposed by university to obtain a completion of study with a certain certificate of academic degree. The most important prerequisite to the graduation is various kinds of thesis - Staatsexamensarbeit, M.A.-thesis and doctorate dissertation, including necessary knowledge of at least three foreign languages, Latin, English and French or Russian.
The great attention of this article is payed on the role of seminars in historical study. The seminar as a unique form of instruction, rooted in the philological study of late 18th century constitute still the most important form of academic instruction not only in history but also in all disciplines of humanities. In seminar, at the very center of scholarly working the Humbodtian principle of unity of research and teaching is realized and pursued further. Today in view of the quite different conditions of mass university historical study at German universities faces a serious challenge on its institutional efficiency and effective accomodations to the new requirements of hightech society.
The study of history at the German universities is here regarded as a result of long development of institutionalization of history in the university system. The emphasis of discussion is laid on the present training system of historians at German universities, mainly on the case of university of Gottingen.
The study of history in German universities was commited exclusively to the so called Humboldtian ideas of education and scholarship. According to this belief the university should function simultaneously both as a research and as an educational institution. Still a set of maxims dominates the historical study at the German universities: the freedom of teaching and learning, the unity of research and teaching.
In Germany historical study aims up to now strongly to train professional historians who can carry out their research on the ground of primary source materials. The students of history are expected to become teachers in the public high school (Gymnasium), scholarly archivists in one of the many archival establishments of country and to go on a genuine academic career.
The German university system does not know the sharp division of college and graduate school system (in American style). The students enjoy normally a great variety of freedom in process of their study up to the arts of their graduation. The obligatory courses are very limited and there are generally no exactly defined curricula. However they must fulfill some requirements which are imposed by university to obtain a completion of study with a certain certificate of academic degree. The most important prerequisite to the graduation is various kinds of thesis - Staatsexamensarbeit, M.A.-thesis and doctorate dissertation, including necessary knowledge of at least three foreign languages, Latin, English and French or Russian.
The great attention of this article is payed on the role of seminars in historical study. The seminar as a unique form of instruction, rooted in the philological study of late 18th century constitute still the most important form of academic instruction not only in history but also in all disciplines of humanities. In seminar, at the very center of scholarly working the Humbodtian principle of unity of research and teaching is realized and pursued further. Today in view of the quite different conditions of mass university historical study at German universities faces a serious challenge on its institutional efficiency and effective accomodations to the new requirements of hightech society.
목차
1. 序言
2. 독일대학과 歷史學 專攻
3. 괴팅겐 대학의 역사학 專攻課程
4. 學位와 修學課程
5. 修業의 組織과 運營
6. 結語
Abstract
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