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The study of Korean craft history encompasses ceramics, metal ware, wood and lacquer, and glass and jade. Different from painting and sculpture, craft in art history embraces the closest field to man, reflecting not only the craftsman's artistic spirit but also the socio-economic circumstances and the cultural roots at that time. Among the various genres in craft, ceramics has the longest history from the Neolithic times, when clay was first handled, to the present age. Ceramics are collected from various sites including the production sites, tomb burial sites, everyday life sites etc., and these materials have contributed to the establishment of the academic field. In recent times, the compilation of new information from the introduction of new materials, the excavation of new sites and the unrestricted exchanges with neighboring nations have brought about lively activities in the study of ceramic history. Thus, with the increase in the number of scholars and students in this field, the understanding of the approaches to the study of ceramics is all the more important. Therefore, this paper seeks to review the study of this field, and then discuss by theme, the issues and research methods.
The Archaeological Approach. In the study of ceramic history, the kiln site excavation comprises as the foundational study, and the excavated shards present the first hand material. Excavation is conducted according to the archaeology. and the ceramic history scholar must learn to understand the development of the kiln technology by carefully observing the kiln structure as the most direct knowledge cannot be fully comprehended from viewing the drawings from the excavation report. Observation of the kiln includes the view of the overall kiln complex, the careful survey of the filing hole, chimney, firing chambers, side entries, firing poles, kiln slant, evidence of restoration or reconstruction, etc., Furthermore, the scholar must also observe how many kilns were active at that time, whether the kiln was overlapped or whether the kiln was moved around, what the chronological order of the kilns were, and what the condition of the accumulation of the discarded pieces was like. The next step would be the survey of the site where the clay was cleansed and kneaded, the workshop where the clay was thrown on the wheel and moulded, decorated, glazed, and dried, and the site where the raw clay was kept (or whether the clay was dug up near by). The importance of excavation in the study of ceramic history has already been emphasized through two major academic symposiums.
Art Historical Approach. This mainly embraces the study of the excavated shards from kiln sites. The form, design, glaze color, foot carving, and wheel method are thoroughly examined. In addition, saggars and potter's tools (if they are present), and firing method (individual filing or stacked firing), etc. are carefully studied. In this process, art history is applied. Stylistic classifications by looking at the shape, design, and glaze color, and the characteristics and trends, what they mean, what period can be given to the site when an object or objects with absolute dating is excavated, and what period can be assessed to the site when no material with dating is yielded, must all be analyzed.
Humanities Approach. This field encompasses the historical, geographical, and documentary records. As in all fields of art history, the production background for ceramics is all-evident: National circumstances were involved both in the production of Kory? celadon and Chos?n white porcelain. Although records on Kory? celadons are not sufficient, the National Code of the Chos?n period states that the official kiln was established in 1469, providing information on the understanding of the chronology and the ceramic view of the period. Through official records, not only the development of official kilns but also of the local, provincial kilns can be achieved In addition, the understanding of the punch'?ng ware. a distinctive ware which first began from the change in celadon with sanggam inlay design during the reign of King Kongmin of Kory? and which developed well into the early Chos?n period, is not complete without the comprehension of the political, economical, social and cultural circumstances.
Cultural Exchange Approach. In the development from earthenware to celadon, from celadon to white porcelain, the influence of Yuezhou wares of the Zhejiang region on celadons. and the influence of Ming blue-and-white porcelain on white porcelain, are well known. In addition, the influence of Three Kingdoms pottery on japanese pottery. and the influence of Chos?n punch'?ng and white porcelain on Japanese wares before and after the Japanese Invasion of 1592. are undisputed, Undoubtedly, ceramic culture developed and transformed through international exchange and influence. The major issues involved in this field would be on how the foreign influences was absorbed. attaining Koreanization, and how the Korean art achieved its own distinctive characteristic, what the cultural significance is of the Korean ceramics that influence Japanese pieces, etc., Cultural exchange is only possible with the concrete comprehension of the ceramic culture of both countries. After establishing an understanding of Korean ceramic history. a comparison with Chinese and Japanese ceramic history becomes practicable. Thus, research into the cultural exchange remains an important field in this approach.
Scientific Analysis, Scientific research can offer stronger support in the study of the stylistic development. The chemical analysis of the glaze, clay, and paint provide the foundation for understanding of the characteristics, cultural exchange, and chronology. In addition, the fire-hardened kiln. as long as it had not been destroyed, is subject to possible dating according to the archaeo-terrestrial magnetism. a process that cannot be conducted by art historians as it requires special equipments and professional technology. Excavation of kiln sites mostly yield large quantities of shards. making chemical analysis of the shard much easier, and kiln sites are not destroyed by the archaeo-terrestrial magnetism. Thus, the compilation of the scientific analysis reports shall comprise as the foundation for the future studies in ceramic history, and the institutes in charge of excavations must keep this Important responsibility, sharing as many materials for analysis.
Field Investigation, This is the most basic step in the study of ceramic history. As long as the kilns from hundreds of years ago are not completely destroyed, the traces are left behind. During field investigation, one must be prepared with maps and information, and objects found in the sites must be reported after the detailed study of the objects. Afterwards, objects must be returned to the government as those that remain in private hands eventually disappear.
Present Issues in the Study of Ceramic History. ① Most of the excavations thus far were executed not for scholarship but as last minute resolutions before new constructions. Moreover, many of the sites were conducted by those who did not major in ceramic studies. Thus, in the future we await improvement in this field. ② The entire peninsula is under serious threat from development, and the important kiln sites have been destroyed. Though legal limitations have been prepared, they are yet insufficient in action. ③ Excavation reports, pressured under time and expenses, are oftentimes inadequate and were written by non-majors. When non-majors are in charge, experts and scholars must be sought after as advisors. ④ The issue on terminology in ceramics remains. From the terminology for kiln structure to the ceramic names. there is no uniform standard. This is not one person's fault but the negligence of the scholars in all. With the increase in the number of scholars, the issue must first be resolved. ⑤ Lastly, the most serious problem is the reckless robbery of the sites. When kiln sites are destroyed, the first hand materials are lost and scholars have no where to stand. Thus, a national resolution must be made.
The approaches and issues presented in this paper cannot be resolved by one person. Excavations must be executed by archaeologists, kiln technology must be studied according to kiln technology, scientific analysis must be conducted by chemists and scholars of inorganic materials. and archaeo-terrestrial magnetism must by carried out by geologists. The humanities approach, the art historical approach, and the cultural exchange approach remain in the hands of scholars of ceramic history. Though research by one individual cannot be but narrow. the compilation of the efforts of individual scholars shall provide an overall depth in the study of this field.
The Archaeological Approach. In the study of ceramic history, the kiln site excavation comprises as the foundational study, and the excavated shards present the first hand material. Excavation is conducted according to the archaeology. and the ceramic history scholar must learn to understand the development of the kiln technology by carefully observing the kiln structure as the most direct knowledge cannot be fully comprehended from viewing the drawings from the excavation report. Observation of the kiln includes the view of the overall kiln complex, the careful survey of the filing hole, chimney, firing chambers, side entries, firing poles, kiln slant, evidence of restoration or reconstruction, etc., Furthermore, the scholar must also observe how many kilns were active at that time, whether the kiln was overlapped or whether the kiln was moved around, what the chronological order of the kilns were, and what the condition of the accumulation of the discarded pieces was like. The next step would be the survey of the site where the clay was cleansed and kneaded, the workshop where the clay was thrown on the wheel and moulded, decorated, glazed, and dried, and the site where the raw clay was kept (or whether the clay was dug up near by). The importance of excavation in the study of ceramic history has already been emphasized through two major academic symposiums.
Art Historical Approach. This mainly embraces the study of the excavated shards from kiln sites. The form, design, glaze color, foot carving, and wheel method are thoroughly examined. In addition, saggars and potter's tools (if they are present), and firing method (individual filing or stacked firing), etc. are carefully studied. In this process, art history is applied. Stylistic classifications by looking at the shape, design, and glaze color, and the characteristics and trends, what they mean, what period can be given to the site when an object or objects with absolute dating is excavated, and what period can be assessed to the site when no material with dating is yielded, must all be analyzed.
Humanities Approach. This field encompasses the historical, geographical, and documentary records. As in all fields of art history, the production background for ceramics is all-evident: National circumstances were involved both in the production of Kory? celadon and Chos?n white porcelain. Although records on Kory? celadons are not sufficient, the National Code of the Chos?n period states that the official kiln was established in 1469, providing information on the understanding of the chronology and the ceramic view of the period. Through official records, not only the development of official kilns but also of the local, provincial kilns can be achieved In addition, the understanding of the punch'?ng ware. a distinctive ware which first began from the change in celadon with sanggam inlay design during the reign of King Kongmin of Kory? and which developed well into the early Chos?n period, is not complete without the comprehension of the political, economical, social and cultural circumstances.
Cultural Exchange Approach. In the development from earthenware to celadon, from celadon to white porcelain, the influence of Yuezhou wares of the Zhejiang region on celadons. and the influence of Ming blue-and-white porcelain on white porcelain, are well known. In addition, the influence of Three Kingdoms pottery on japanese pottery. and the influence of Chos?n punch'?ng and white porcelain on Japanese wares before and after the Japanese Invasion of 1592. are undisputed, Undoubtedly, ceramic culture developed and transformed through international exchange and influence. The major issues involved in this field would be on how the foreign influences was absorbed. attaining Koreanization, and how the Korean art achieved its own distinctive characteristic, what the cultural significance is of the Korean ceramics that influence Japanese pieces, etc., Cultural exchange is only possible with the concrete comprehension of the ceramic culture of both countries. After establishing an understanding of Korean ceramic history. a comparison with Chinese and Japanese ceramic history becomes practicable. Thus, research into the cultural exchange remains an important field in this approach.
Scientific Analysis, Scientific research can offer stronger support in the study of the stylistic development. The chemical analysis of the glaze, clay, and paint provide the foundation for understanding of the characteristics, cultural exchange, and chronology. In addition, the fire-hardened kiln. as long as it had not been destroyed, is subject to possible dating according to the archaeo-terrestrial magnetism. a process that cannot be conducted by art historians as it requires special equipments and professional technology. Excavation of kiln sites mostly yield large quantities of shards. making chemical analysis of the shard much easier, and kiln sites are not destroyed by the archaeo-terrestrial magnetism. Thus, the compilation of the scientific analysis reports shall comprise as the foundation for the future studies in ceramic history, and the institutes in charge of excavations must keep this Important responsibility, sharing as many materials for analysis.
Field Investigation, This is the most basic step in the study of ceramic history. As long as the kilns from hundreds of years ago are not completely destroyed, the traces are left behind. During field investigation, one must be prepared with maps and information, and objects found in the sites must be reported after the detailed study of the objects. Afterwards, objects must be returned to the government as those that remain in private hands eventually disappear.
Present Issues in the Study of Ceramic History. ① Most of the excavations thus far were executed not for scholarship but as last minute resolutions before new constructions. Moreover, many of the sites were conducted by those who did not major in ceramic studies. Thus, in the future we await improvement in this field. ② The entire peninsula is under serious threat from development, and the important kiln sites have been destroyed. Though legal limitations have been prepared, they are yet insufficient in action. ③ Excavation reports, pressured under time and expenses, are oftentimes inadequate and were written by non-majors. When non-majors are in charge, experts and scholars must be sought after as advisors. ④ The issue on terminology in ceramics remains. From the terminology for kiln structure to the ceramic names. there is no uniform standard. This is not one person's fault but the negligence of the scholars in all. With the increase in the number of scholars, the issue must first be resolved. ⑤ Lastly, the most serious problem is the reckless robbery of the sites. When kiln sites are destroyed, the first hand materials are lost and scholars have no where to stand. Thus, a national resolution must be made.
The approaches and issues presented in this paper cannot be resolved by one person. Excavations must be executed by archaeologists, kiln technology must be studied according to kiln technology, scientific analysis must be conducted by chemists and scholars of inorganic materials. and archaeo-terrestrial magnetism must by carried out by geologists. The humanities approach, the art historical approach, and the cultural exchange approach remain in the hands of scholars of ceramic history. Though research by one individual cannot be but narrow. the compilation of the efforts of individual scholars shall provide an overall depth in the study of this field.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 연구 현황과 성과
Ⅲ. 도자사 연구 쟁점과 연구 방법
Ⅳ. 맺음말
參考文獻
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