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The origins of Yangwu(洋務) movement can be traced to two historical events, occurred at 1860; China's concluding the Peking(北京) treaty forced by Anglo-French allied forces, and the military crisis of Shanghai(上海) brought by the Taiping rebels(太平軍) occupying Yangze valley, Jiangsu(江蘇) and Zhejiang(浙江) provinces. The Shanghai crisis, as critical moment of Yangwu movement, has not attracted much attention, as compared with the Peking treaty, for the latter represented Sino-West cooperative diplomacy, an indispensable condition of Yangwu movement. The movement contained various reforms in the ideas and institutions of China's traditional diplomacy as well as in military and industry.
During the Taiping s attack of Shanghai since the revolt of the Small Dagger Society(小刀會), this very unique city had rapidly grown to a large international trade port, and became the centre of influential pacifist circle, consisted of relatively realistic officials(under governor-general, He Guiqing, 何桂淸), provincial level gentry, and local compradors(mostly from Zhejiang and Guangdong), against traditional seclusionist foreign policy in Peking and Canton. In order to depend Shanghai, this Shanghai pacifist group promoted to accept western treaty system, even if unequal, and import massive modem weapons from western merchants and smugglers. At last, they insisted to borrow western military forces to attack Taipings in hinterland beyond Shanghai area. Their argument brought active responses from leaders of Hunan and Anhui armies(湘ㆍ淮軍), who restricted foreign military operations to defend Shanghai area, and sought for making modem weapons and warships for themselves, not purchasing them. These leaders of Yangwu movement were susceptive of patriotism guarding Chinese identity, even if accepted the treaty system. Yangwu movement was driven forward by their conservative patriotism and growing provincial autonomy, that would impeded more radical reforms at same time.
Feng Guifen(馮桂芬), the most famous scholars of Confucian empirical statecraft(考證學世學), and ex-official and provincial gentry, had fled to Shanghai after his failure of local militia activities against Taipings. Thereafter, he became the most progressive pioneer of Yangwu ideology and take part in governor, Li Hongzhang's(李鴻章) staff to lead his Yangwu movement. However, Feng had been a leader of Shanghai pacifist faction to demand expedition against Taipings by western powers and by governor-general, Zeng Guofan's(曾國藩) Hunan army. As Li's Anhui army, dispatched by Zeng, advanced into Shanghai. the pro-West, pacifist officials of the city were changed to officials of Hunan and Anhui factions.
Feng's Yangwu theories were based on two basic concepts. one was the plural world view of competing states in place of Sino-centric idea of unified world, which would be now shrunk to that idea within Asian area. The other was discovery of modem science in Western Learning(西學) beyond practical technology. However, these two concepts, which overcame Wei Yuan's(魏源) views of Sino-West relation, were derived from the traditional Confucian statecraft and empirical research, and included considerable parts of modem western learning, suitable to strengthen traditional Chinese learning. It was the archetype of 'Chinese learning for substance(or identity), western learning for use of the substance(中體西用)', typical catch-hrase of Yangwu ideology.
During the Taiping s attack of Shanghai since the revolt of the Small Dagger Society(小刀會), this very unique city had rapidly grown to a large international trade port, and became the centre of influential pacifist circle, consisted of relatively realistic officials(under governor-general, He Guiqing, 何桂淸), provincial level gentry, and local compradors(mostly from Zhejiang and Guangdong), against traditional seclusionist foreign policy in Peking and Canton. In order to depend Shanghai, this Shanghai pacifist group promoted to accept western treaty system, even if unequal, and import massive modem weapons from western merchants and smugglers. At last, they insisted to borrow western military forces to attack Taipings in hinterland beyond Shanghai area. Their argument brought active responses from leaders of Hunan and Anhui armies(湘ㆍ淮軍), who restricted foreign military operations to defend Shanghai area, and sought for making modem weapons and warships for themselves, not purchasing them. These leaders of Yangwu movement were susceptive of patriotism guarding Chinese identity, even if accepted the treaty system. Yangwu movement was driven forward by their conservative patriotism and growing provincial autonomy, that would impeded more radical reforms at same time.
Feng Guifen(馮桂芬), the most famous scholars of Confucian empirical statecraft(考證學世學), and ex-official and provincial gentry, had fled to Shanghai after his failure of local militia activities against Taipings. Thereafter, he became the most progressive pioneer of Yangwu ideology and take part in governor, Li Hongzhang's(李鴻章) staff to lead his Yangwu movement. However, Feng had been a leader of Shanghai pacifist faction to demand expedition against Taipings by western powers and by governor-general, Zeng Guofan's(曾國藩) Hunan army. As Li's Anhui army, dispatched by Zeng, advanced into Shanghai. the pro-West, pacifist officials of the city were changed to officials of Hunan and Anhui factions.
Feng's Yangwu theories were based on two basic concepts. one was the plural world view of competing states in place of Sino-centric idea of unified world, which would be now shrunk to that idea within Asian area. The other was discovery of modem science in Western Learning(西學) beyond practical technology. However, these two concepts, which overcame Wei Yuan's(魏源) views of Sino-West relation, were derived from the traditional Confucian statecraft and empirical research, and included considerable parts of modem western learning, suitable to strengthen traditional Chinese learning. It was the archetype of 'Chinese learning for substance(or identity), western learning for use of the substance(中體西用)', typical catch-hrase of Yangwu ideology.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 上海 主和집단과 中華 國體관념의 약화
Ⅲ. 上海의 中西 接近과 洋務集團의 형성
Ⅳ. 省紳 馮桂芬과 洋務論 형성
Ⅴ. 맺음말
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