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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
한국기독교학회 한국기독교신학논총 한국기독교신학논총 제27집
발행연도
2003.1
수록면
5 - 38 (34page)

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The purpose of this study is to investigate ancient Near Eastern and Israelite judiciary systems and roles of judges and kind of courts and process of jurisdiction by biblical, ancient Near Eastern and rabbinic sources. Till now, despite of importance of the judiciary system, we do not have comprehensive works on the judiciary system in ancient Near East and Israel. In old Testament, Moses sat as a magistrate among the people (Ex. 18:13) and, either on the advice of Jethro, his father-in-law (Ex. 18:17-23), or on his own initiative (Deut. 1:9-14), he later delegated his judicial powers to appointed “chiefs of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens” (Ex. 18:21, Deut. 1:15) - reserving to himself jurisdiction in only the most difficult, major disputes (Ex. 18:22 and 26, Deut. 1:17). After establishment of kingdom, professional judges called ??? and the men called ??? served as judge in court (Deut. 16:18). In Jehoshapat`s reign, Levites, priests and elders played an important role in judging. As like, high officers served as judges in Assyrian court (BM 123360). As a result professional judges and other officials who were concerned participated in judgment. The judicial qualifications have been enumerated as follows: judges must be able men (?????), such as fear God (????-??), men of truth (???-??), hating covetousness (??-??); wise (???) and sensible, learned in the law and full of knowledge in company, and speak kindly to people; he must be very strict with himself and conquer lustful impulses; he must have a courageous heart to save the oppressed from the oppressor`s hate, cruelty, and persecution, and eschew wrong and injustice (Ex. 18:21, Deut. 1:13). Using the rabbinic jurisdiction of courts, we reconstruct kind of court. We assume that there were three courts in ancient Israel as follows. ⑴ Courts of three judges exercised jurisdiction in civil matters. ⑵ Courts of 23 judges exercised jurisdiction in criminal matters generally. ⑶ The court of 71 judges had practically unlimited judicial, legislative, and administrative powers but certain judicial and administrative functions were reserved to it alone. In ancient Israel, there were courts in Jerusalem as well as each province. Just Old Testament describes procedure of decision in ancient Israel (Ruth 4:1-12, Jeremiah 26). Court usually hold at city gate. A judge must show patience, indulgence, humility, and respect for persons when sitting in court; he must always hear both parties to the case; he may not in any way discriminate between the parties (Lev. 19;15); nor may he act under the possible pressures of any undue influence, including bribery by money or by words (Deut. 16:19); he must, on the one hand, proceed with deliberation and care, and reconsider again and again before finally pronouncing his verdict but may not, on the other hand, unduly delay justice; and he must so conduct himself that justice is not only done but is also manifestly seen to be done and readily understood by the litigants. Before joining a court, a judge must satisfy himself that the judges sitting with him are properly qualified; and no judge should sit together with another judge whom he hates or despites. Nor may a judge-especially in criminal cases-instead of considering and deciding the issue before him on his own, rely on the opinion of greater judges in the court and try thus to disburden himself of his judicial responsibility. However, Israelite judges were corrupted by bribe. They asked for a reward (Micah 7:3, Hosea 10:3-4). One of the important is that we cannot find death penalty in ancient Near Eastern judiciary documents. However, in Israel Naboth was died by impartial judgment. It is because Israelite law is more religious than other ancient Near Eastern laws.

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