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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
인천대학교 인천학연구원 인천학연구 인천학연구 제2권 제2호
발행연도
2003.12
수록면
131 - 159 (29page)

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This essay analyzes a historical trend of social movements in Incheon during the period from the year of 1945 through 2000, from the perspective of political mobilization. The whole period will be divided into four sub-periods: civilian authoritarian regime(1945-1960), military authoritarian regime(1961-1972), another but more severe military regime(1973-1987), and democratic regime(post-1987) periods. Then, social movements in each period will be analyzed according to three criteria: issues, social actors, and targets. Only a few social movements existed during the first period of civilian authoritarian regime - especially at the initial period of state formation and at the end of the 1950s. During the first period of state-building major participants were leftist dock laborers and students, who demanded a simultaneous withdrawal of American and Russian troops and a repeal of election confined to Southern part of Korea. Social movements burst out at the end of the 1950s were mostly organized by dock laborers, who called for higher wages. Then, during the subsequent period of the first military regime there were nationwide movements engaged by students, workers, fishermen, and clergies and monks, and they opposed the normalization of Korean-Japanese relationship, which occurred during the three years of 1964-1966. In addition, workers demanded foreign companies and American military forces in Korea for higher wages. Few social movements were activated during the period of a second military regime, because it suppressed so harshly any opposition movement. However, after the Chun Doo Hwan military government pronounced political liberalization in 1983, anti-government movements pushed it to further open political liberty and democratize Korean society, resulting in the announcement of the June 29th Plan by Noh Tae Woo, the ruling party's presidential candidate, which meant the more opening of political opportunities. After 1987 Korea entered the period of democratic consolidation and saw outburst of social movements. But there was a nose diving decrease in the frequency subsequently after the election of Kim Young Sam as the first civil president since the 1960s. In addition, there was a change in the nature of social movement. Instead of labor movements, new social movements occupied the center stage. They pushed governments to reform political, economic, and social institutions and practices. Especially, they resisted strongly the government's environmental policies. These reflected peculiarities of Incheon, which inhabited much more polluter industries than any other industrial city.

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