본 연구는 가구주가 은퇴한 50세 이상의 가구를 대상으로 은퇴 기간에 따라서 가계경제구조가 어떻게 변화하였는지를 분석하였다. 국민노후보장패널조사의 5차년도(2013년) 자료를 사용하였고, 연구목적을 위해 1,604 은퇴가구를 분석대상으로 하였다. 은퇴기간은 가구주의 은퇴경과기간에 따라 은퇴한지 10년이하(초기은퇴가구), 20년이하, 21년이상가구(장기은퇴가구)로 구분하였고, 각 집단별로 소득, 지출, 자산, 부채 등 주요지표들에 관한 정보를 제공하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 은퇴가구의 70.6%가 자가에서 거주하고 있고, 혼자 사는 단독가구의 비중은 35.2%였다. 은퇴기간이 긴 가구의 경우 자가 보유율은 감소하고, 1인 가구 비율은 늘어 은퇴 21년이상 가구 중 절반이 넘는 51.6%가 1인 가구였다. 둘째, 은퇴가구의 연평균소득은 1,775만원에 불과하여 일반가구의 1/3 수준이었고, 연평균지출은 2,120만원이었다. 은퇴기간이 길어짐에 따라 근로소득, 부동산소득은 감소하고 국민기초생활보장급여와 이전소득이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 가구총소득은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 은퇴기간이 길어짐에 따라 총소득과 소비지출 수준은 감소하였는데, 은퇴기간과 상관없이 모든 경우에서 적자였다. 대부분의 소비지출항목의 지출규모가 은퇴기간이 길어짐에 따라 줄었으나, 각 항목별 지출비중은 변화가 있었다. 식비와 주거․광열수도비, 보건의료비 등 고연령층의 기초생활부분에 해당되는 지출항목의 비중이 늘었다. 넷째, 은퇴가구의 경우 고소득층에서 근로소득의 비중이 높고, 소득수준이 낮은 집단일수록 사적이전소득의 비중이 높았다. 낮은 소득수준의 은퇴가구의 경우 가구지출의 절반이 식비와 의료보건비로 지출되고 있었다. 다섯째, 은퇴 후 부동산자산은 줄지 않고, 금융자산은 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 부채보유율이나 부채보유금액은 은퇴기간과 무관한 것으로 나타났고, 총자산과 순자산은 25%정도 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다.
The study analyzed how the household economic structure had changed depending on the retirement period among people aged 50 and older. Based on the 5th year data of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS, 2013), the study analyzed 1,604 households and classified the retirement period into three: less than 10 years (early in retirement); less than 20 years; and more than 20 years (long in retirement). According to the analysis, first, among retirement households, 70.6% owned houses and 35.2% were single households. As the retirement period went longer, the rate of house ownership decreased but the rate of single household increased. Among households retired for more than 21 years, 51.6% were single households. 73.9% of households had no source of income. Second, annual average income of retirement households were 17,750,000 Korean won, which was one third of general households. The annual average expenditure was 21,200,000 Korean won. In terms of income structure, earned income and property income decreased and benefits under the National Basic Living Security Act and transfer income increased. However, the gross household income tended to keep decreasing because their income was not enough to fill up the decreased amount. Third, the level of gross income and expenditure decreased as the retirement period went longer. In all three retirement periods, retirees showed deficit behaviors as spending exceeded income. In the expenditure category, the amount of expenditure decreased, as the retirement period went longer. However, the portion of expenditure had changed. The expenditure related with basic living for the elderly such as food, living, electricity, water, health and medical service increased, meaning lower quality of life. Fourth, among retirement households, high income households had more earned income and lower income households had more private transfer income. Lower income households used to spend two-thirds of their income on food, living, electricity, and water. And fifth, after retirement, the property asset did not decrease but the financial asset decreased a lot. The study found that the ratio and amount of liabilities had nothing to do with the retirement period. Gross and net assets decreased about 25%.