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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
한국역사연구회 역사와현실 역사와 현실 제125호
발행연도
2022.9
수록면
355 - 395 (41page)
DOI
10.35865/YWH.2022.09.125.355

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초록· 키워드

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The social stratification system of the Joseon dynasty was closely related to the dynasty’s institution of drafting individuals for dynastic services. The state regularly surveyed households throughout the country, enlisted male individuals above the age of 16 and under 60, and then mobilized them for dynastic labor services required by the government, in the form of providing them with adequate status and duties. But not all individuals were economically suited for obligations laid out by the government, so individuals in those situations were legally exempted from such duties. These private citizens(私民) instead delivered their labors and properties to their masters(主家), and by aiding their masters’ performance of their duties they indirectly contributed to the government in their own ways.
Then, coming into the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, the government decided to transform those private citizens into public citizens(公民), and have them perform duties assigned to them directly from the government. The first case of this policy was the government’s recruit of Gyeong-Nobi(京奴婢) figures who had been private Nobi figures in the Hamgyeong-do(咸鏡道) provincial region. The Hamgyeong-do province was a border region that was located in the far north of the entire peninsula, so securing enough workforce that could be put to military duties at all time was more than crucial. Furthering such needs at the time was a regime change in China from the Ming dynasty to the Qing. Such transfer of power on the international stage was a big pressure for the Joseon government, and desperate nature of the time called for the mobilization of Nobi figures to deploy as military assets too. In fulfilling such goal, the Gyeong-Nobi figures in this region, who had been private Nobi figures and enjoyed very loose ties with their masters to the extent of having their own separated livelihood, were the first ones to be recruited by the central government. The Joseon authorities would “purchase them and turn them into Gong-Nobi (Public Nobi) figures who would serve governmental offices”[買作公賤, ‘Maejak Gongcheon’], or encourage them to “buy their ways into becoming commoners ”[贖良, ‘Sok’ ryang’] and then enlist them as military personnel.
This policy of the Joseon government, utilizing methods of either ‘Maejak Gongcheon’ or ‘Sok’ryang, ‘later spread to the entire country, effectively nullifying the previous Joseon convention of having all the Nobi slaves’ offspring inherit the same status with their parents. Now the authorities were instead having them either become a commoner, or having them (remain as slaves but) assume military posts, which had only been manned by commoners in the past. As these former(or current) Nobi slaves became figures under the government’s public control their status continued to elevate, and that brought significant changes to not only the Nobi institution of the country but the entire dynasty’s stratification system as well, during the Joseon period’s latter half.

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머리말
1. 함경도의 독특한 예속인들 : 고공과 사노비
2. 국가의 경노비 점유 시도
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