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There is an essential problem in the existing frame of ancient Korean history. According to the frame, following Dangun Joseon, ancient Korean nation was ruled consecutively by King Jun, a descendent of Chinese Jizi, and Wi Man, a refugee from China. After the collapse of Wi Man Joseon, the Han empire established the four Han commanderies, Lelang, Lintun, Zhenfan and Xuantu, in the region. This means that the Chinese empire occupied the northern half of the Korean peninsula and Manchuria. There were many other later polities such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, Eupru, Eastern Okjeo, Dongye, Han (Three Han) in the regions. Among them, Goguryeo is said to have been established inXuantu commandery.
If this frame is correct, the ancient Korean nation must have been ruled by China for long times. Because Goguryeo was established in Xuantu commandery under Chinese administration, it is possible to argue that Guguryeo was a successor for Chinese history.
However, ancient Chinese and Korean texts indicate that the existing frame of ancient Korean history is wrong. The King Jun's regime (the Jizi state) and Wi Man Joseon as well as the four Han commanderies were not major parts of ancient Korean history.
As clearly documented in the texts, occupying the entire Manchuria and the Korean peninsula, the western border of Dangun Joseon was the Luan River near Beijing. The western part of Dangun Joseon got through changes, with the establishment of the Jizi state in the Luan River valley and the following usurpation of Wi Man and his expansion to the Daling River valley. The Western Han conquered Wi Man Joseon and established the four Han commanderies in the region between the Luan River the Liao River. Thus, the Liao River became the western border of Dangun Joseon.
Accordingly, the consecutive establishments of the Jizi state, Wi Man Joseon, and the four Han commanderies were nothing but political transitions happened in the western borderland of Dangun Joseon. Despite the changes in its western borderland, Dangun Joseon was still developing, occupying Manchuria to the east of the Liao River and the Korean peninsula. Goguryeo, one of the feudal states (geosukook渠帥國) of the Dangun Joseon, took advantage of the decline in the Joseon's central control to develop into an independent power. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that Goguryeo was one of the Korean nations succeeding Dangun Joseon.
Nevertheless, the Korean historical society still systemizes that the regime of King Jun (the Jizi state), Wi Man Joseon and the four Han commanderies were the major parts of ancient Korean history, occupying Manchuria to the east of the Liao River and the Korean peninsula. Unless correcting this misunderstanding, Chinese scholars will continue to claim that the history of Korean nation began with Chinese ruling, and that the history of the Manchurian states such as Guguryeo, Buyeo and Balhae was not Korean but Chinese borderland history.