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The excavation of Zhougongmiao 周公廟 since 2004 has been one of the most remarkable discoveries in the studies of Western Zhou history. The Zhougongmiao site is located about 25 ㎞ west from the so-called Zhouyuan 周原 site, in which numerous oracle bones and several large architectural foundations were unearthed in the late 70s. In the Zhougongmiao site, archaeologists have found about 500 inscribed oracle bones, rammed-earth walls, more than six rammed-earth architectural foundations, bronze foundries, and large cemeteries.
Among the remains found at the Zhougongmiao site, the large cemetery at Lingpo 陵坡 contains 22 high ranking tombs, most of which have ramps. M1, one of ten tombs with four ramps, on the top of the cemetery is so far the largest Western Zhou tomb ever found in China. Unfortunately, however, most large tombs in the cemetery seem to have been robbed since the Chunqiu period.
Nevertheless, the scale of the cemetery, not to mention the other remains mentioned above, has already caused lively discussions regarding the identity of the cemetery and the site in general as well. When the cemetery was first known in 2004, many scholars were excited with the possibility that it is the royal cemetery of Zhou. They further assumed the Zhougongmiao site was the pre-dynastic capital of Zhou, Qi 岐.
However, the general size of tombs in the cemetery is much smaller than that of the royal cemetery of Shang at Xibeigang 西北岡, Anyang 安陽. Since several non-royal tombs in the Shang and Western Zhou periods also have four ramps, the number of ramps cannot necessarily be the sign for the royal tomb. Moreover, the location of Bi 畢 the Chang'an 長安 area, where the first three dynastic rulers of Zhou are said to have been buried in the texts, also contradicts with the royal cemetery in the Zhougongmiao area.
Thus, relying on the records in the Han and later periods, many scholars now tend to identify the Zhougongmiao site with the fief of the Duke of Zhou 周公, and further the Lingpo cemetery with his family's. The frequent occurrence of the name, Zhougong, in the oracle bone inscriptions excavated in the area also seems to support this understanding.
However, associating the Zhougongmiao area with the Duke of Zhou traces at the earliest back to the Later Han period, more than one thousand years later than the Zhou conquest of Shang. Even the Shiji 史記. does not mention any clue for the fief of Duke of Zhou in the Zhougongmiao area. Another important evidence disputing the idea relates with the Duke of Shao 召公 who is also said in the later texts to have had his fife in the area. In addition to the occurrence of Shaogong in the oracle bones inscriptions from Zhougongrniao, a jade dagger found in the area in the 19th century also has the inscription Taibao 太保(召公). Like the connection with the Duke of Zhou, the association of the site with the Duke of Shao is not groundless.
Therefore, given the inaccurate and fragmentary nature of the sources concerning the fiefs of the Dukes of Zhou and Shao, the search for the identity of the Zhougongmiao site must continue amidst much controversy. Nevertheless, the excavation of the site will provide us with important new insights in the studies of Western Zhou cities and cemeteries.
Among the remains found at the Zhougongmiao site, the large cemetery at Lingpo 陵坡 contains 22 high ranking tombs, most of which have ramps. M1, one of ten tombs with four ramps, on the top of the cemetery is so far the largest Western Zhou tomb ever found in China. Unfortunately, however, most large tombs in the cemetery seem to have been robbed since the Chunqiu period.
Nevertheless, the scale of the cemetery, not to mention the other remains mentioned above, has already caused lively discussions regarding the identity of the cemetery and the site in general as well. When the cemetery was first known in 2004, many scholars were excited with the possibility that it is the royal cemetery of Zhou. They further assumed the Zhougongmiao site was the pre-dynastic capital of Zhou, Qi 岐.
However, the general size of tombs in the cemetery is much smaller than that of the royal cemetery of Shang at Xibeigang 西北岡, Anyang 安陽. Since several non-royal tombs in the Shang and Western Zhou periods also have four ramps, the number of ramps cannot necessarily be the sign for the royal tomb. Moreover, the location of Bi 畢 the Chang'an 長安 area, where the first three dynastic rulers of Zhou are said to have been buried in the texts, also contradicts with the royal cemetery in the Zhougongmiao area.
Thus, relying on the records in the Han and later periods, many scholars now tend to identify the Zhougongmiao site with the fief of the Duke of Zhou 周公, and further the Lingpo cemetery with his family's. The frequent occurrence of the name, Zhougong, in the oracle bone inscriptions excavated in the area also seems to support this understanding.
However, associating the Zhougongmiao area with the Duke of Zhou traces at the earliest back to the Later Han period, more than one thousand years later than the Zhou conquest of Shang. Even the Shiji 史記. does not mention any clue for the fief of Duke of Zhou in the Zhougongmiao area. Another important evidence disputing the idea relates with the Duke of Shao 召公 who is also said in the later texts to have had his fife in the area. In addition to the occurrence of Shaogong in the oracle bones inscriptions from Zhougongrniao, a jade dagger found in the area in the 19th century also has the inscription Taibao 太保(召公). Like the connection with the Duke of Zhou, the association of the site with the Duke of Shao is not groundless.
Therefore, given the inaccurate and fragmentary nature of the sources concerning the fiefs of the Dukes of Zhou and Shao, the search for the identity of the Zhougongmiao site must continue amidst much controversy. Nevertheless, the excavation of the site will provide us with important new insights in the studies of Western Zhou cities and cemeteries.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 周原遺址와 周公廟 발굴계기
Ⅲ. 周公廟 발굴 상황
Ⅳ. 周公廟遺址의 성격
Ⅴ. 전망
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