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Recently, Geoffrey Parker has shed new light on the collapse of the system of the nation in Asia, Europe, and the Americas especially in the mid-17th century, and he indicated Ming-Ch'ing transition in China as an typical case of that collapse. That transition was a part of the “global crisis” in the Little Ice Age.
This paper looked into the historical meaning of the theory of famine relief in the 17th century in this view. The period of late Ming and early Ch'ing was so much important in term of the development of the theory. Numerous famine-policy books and theories of famine relief made their appearances in the late Ming. Most books of famine policy before then mainly supplemented Dongwei's Jiuhuanghuominshu(救荒活民書) in the Song Dynasty, but now new theories were sophisticated on the basis of real experience against actual disasters.
So much appearance of the theory of famine relief in Jiangnan especially in the late Ming was closely connected with the climatic change in the Little Ice Age. Most books in Ming were published after 1580, when the Little Ice Age started in earnest. Various theories of famine relief were almost the same. Because gentries and intellectuals in Jiangnan coped with the political and economic crisis from the climatic change positively, as a result, those changes in publications and theories were possible.
An interesting point is that theories of famine relief were presented mostly in the late Ming, but the number of them was reduced greatly in the early Ch'ing. The difference between Ming and Ch'ing was related with political capability to deal with famine. In the late Ming, as nation finance was exhausted and Wanli-Emperor neglected political affairs, famine policy system broke down virtually. In addition, because the northeast Jurchen invaded and uprisings of the peasants were spreaded widely, the government could not carry out famine policy. Gentries and intellectuals in Jiangnan had to stabilize local communities by playing leading roles for famine relief action in cooperation with local governments in the crisis of disasters in the Little Ice Age and the fall of the dynasty
In the Ch'ing Dynasty, the national government recovered its leading capacity and overcame disasters taking effective famine relief measures. So gentries and intellectuals who had taken the lead in famine relief action remained in secondary assistants. Their role was reduced because of efficient management of national famine relief policy. The difference of the theories between Ming and Ch’ing reflected this historical situations. So the theories then were good examples to explain the reason of the failure of Ming and the success of Ch’ing in the period of a climatic change, the Little Ice Age.
This paper looked into the historical meaning of the theory of famine relief in the 17th century in this view. The period of late Ming and early Ch'ing was so much important in term of the development of the theory. Numerous famine-policy books and theories of famine relief made their appearances in the late Ming. Most books of famine policy before then mainly supplemented Dongwei's Jiuhuanghuominshu(救荒活民書) in the Song Dynasty, but now new theories were sophisticated on the basis of real experience against actual disasters.
So much appearance of the theory of famine relief in Jiangnan especially in the late Ming was closely connected with the climatic change in the Little Ice Age. Most books in Ming were published after 1580, when the Little Ice Age started in earnest. Various theories of famine relief were almost the same. Because gentries and intellectuals in Jiangnan coped with the political and economic crisis from the climatic change positively, as a result, those changes in publications and theories were possible.
An interesting point is that theories of famine relief were presented mostly in the late Ming, but the number of them was reduced greatly in the early Ch'ing. The difference between Ming and Ch'ing was related with political capability to deal with famine. In the late Ming, as nation finance was exhausted and Wanli-Emperor neglected political affairs, famine policy system broke down virtually. In addition, because the northeast Jurchen invaded and uprisings of the peasants were spreaded widely, the government could not carry out famine policy. Gentries and intellectuals in Jiangnan had to stabilize local communities by playing leading roles for famine relief action in cooperation with local governments in the crisis of disasters in the Little Ice Age and the fall of the dynasty
In the Ch'ing Dynasty, the national government recovered its leading capacity and overcame disasters taking effective famine relief measures. So gentries and intellectuals who had taken the lead in famine relief action remained in secondary assistants. Their role was reduced because of efficient management of national famine relief policy. The difference of the theories between Ming and Ch’ing reflected this historical situations. So the theories then were good examples to explain the reason of the failure of Ming and the success of Ch’ing in the period of a climatic change, the Little Ice Age.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 위기의 시대, 지식인의 대응: 救荒ㆍ經世ㆍ康濟
Ⅲ. 강남 구황론의 역사적 전개
Ⅳ. 國家荒政과 신사ㆍ지식인
Ⅴ. 맺음말
【Abstract】
참고문헌 (69)
참고문헌 신청
1. [학술지(정기간행물)] - 陳龍正 / / 救饑本論 / 救荒策會 7
2. [학술지(정기간행물)] - Geoffery Parker / 2008 / Crisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered / American Historical Review 113 (4)
3. [학술지(정기간행물)] - Frederic E. Walkeman, Jr. / 1986 / Chana and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis / Late Imperial China 7 (1)
4. [학술지(정기간행물)] - G. William Skinner / 1985 / Presidential Address: The Structure of Chinese History / The Journal of Asian Studies 44 (2)
5. [학술지(정기간행물)] - William, S. Atwell / 1986 / Some Observation on the ‘Seventeenth-Century Crisis’ in China and Japan / The Journal of Asian Studies 45 (2)
2. [학술지(정기간행물)] - Geoffery Parker / 2008 / Crisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered / American Historical Review 113 (4)
3. [학술지(정기간행물)] - Frederic E. Walkeman, Jr. / 1986 / Chana and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis / Late Imperial China 7 (1)
4. [학술지(정기간행물)] - G. William Skinner / 1985 / Presidential Address: The Structure of Chinese History / The Journal of Asian Studies 44 (2)
5. [학술지(정기간행물)] - William, S. Atwell / 1986 / Some Observation on the ‘Seventeenth-Century Crisis’ in China and Japan / The Journal of Asian Studies 45 (2)
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