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Hyeondo Commandery was one of the four Han China Commanderies which had been established by the Emperor Mu of Han after his conquer of Chosun. It was established a year later in B.C. 107, which had jurisdiction over Yemaek. However, there have been arguments with the theory of Goguryeo Hyeon and the theory of Okjoe Hyeon and also the eclectic theory between the two with regard to the whereabouts of the first Hyeondo Commandery and the location of the central commandery station. This present study will reexamine the commandery station of Hyeondo Commandery by way of looking into which group the Commandery had governed through the search for the center of power during its establishment. Furthermore, the paper will also study the relationship between Goguryeo and YeMaek, between Goguryeo and Hyeondo Commandery by examining the removal of the commandery itself and its commandery station. The reason why it is important is because this study is for the understanding its character of national growth and foreign expansion at the early stage of Goguryeo.
First of all, the study tried to find the location of the center of Yemaek during the period of the jurisdiction control of Hyeondo Commandery. According to the early historical records written about Yemaek around the second century B.C., it is found that the name of Yemaek and its territorial boundaries were differently labeled depending different periods. This leads to the present researcher's conclusion that the name Yemaek was used as the general idea of the territories later identified as the area covered by Goguryeo, Okjoe and East Ye which was occupied by the tribes of Ye and Maek around the second century B.C.. The community of Yemaek was considered as a kind of the loosely allied groups consisted of many political subsystems hierarchically layered internally. There must have been one leading group inside the system had a control over a band of confederate groups. This leading group, it seems, did hold the responsibilities for outside relationships. The location of this leading group must have become the center of Yemaek at that time and later the commandery station of Hyeondo Commandery.
Regarding the leading group of Yemaek society, this study concentrates upon the existence of Changhae Commandery regarded as the antecedent of Hyeondo Commandery and of Yegunnamryeo, the chief of the whole Yemaek society. It is possible that Changhae Commandery exercised jurisdiction over Yemaek. Changhae Commandery was located inside the territory of Yemaek. The number of soldiers of 280,000 who carne to visit the shore in a ship lead by Yegunnamryeo was similar to the number of Yemaek during the first establishment of Hyeondo Commandery. Besides, this shows that Yegunnamryeo was the chief of the whole Yemaek society at that time. During the establishment of Changhae Commandery around B.C. 128, the leading group of Yemaek society was ruled by the central group of Ye by placing Ye troops between the two power groups of Ye and Maek.
Secondly, the study tries to find out where the central group of Ye was placed by means of first locating of Changhae Commandery. 3 years after the establishment of Changhae Commandery, it was destroyed due to the large amount of expense used up for constructing roads against rugged lay of the land. There were other opinions of Balhae, Abrok River and the East Coast regarding its location. Changhae Commandery was considered as Hamhung province of the East Coast which had been most highly developed region since the Bronze Age. There are 3 proofs that lead to this conclusion: 1) the long and hazardous distance from Yodong Province; 2) Changhae Commandery was the center of Ye's military power; and 3) Changhae refers to the East Sea. The conclusion is that Okjoe was the location of Changhae Commandery and also of Yegunnamryeo, the center of Yemaek society in the middle of the second century B.C. It is also possible to say that Hyeondo Commandery, which was established 20 years later, was located around this place to govern Yemaek as the successor of Changhae Commandery. This conclusion agrees with the historical records that are found which state that Okjoe Land or Okjoe Castle became Hyeondo Commandery. Hyeondo Commandery seems to have been established along the transportation road from Okjoe to Goguryeo Hyen according to the record saying that the commandery station, the center of troops was located in Okjoe but still Goguryeo Hyen was in the territory of Hyeondo Commandery.
The view is supported by the analysis of historical record about Hyeondo Commandery and the consideration of circumstances of Yemaek society in the late period of the second century B.C.. Hyeondo Commandery was moved to another location due to the invasion by the group of Guryeo from Abrok River and Dongga River in 75 B.C. Han removed Hyeondo Commandery to the northwest part of Guryeo and made Okjoe subjugated to Nangnang troops since Guryeo force seized the middle of the road from Yodong Province to Okjoe, the center of Hyeondo Commandery. During this process, Hyeondo Commandery replaced the center Hyeon to Goguryeo Hyeon considering the gravity of Goguryeo in Yemaek society which was its jurisdiction district. The growth of Goguryeo in Yemaek society motivated the later use of the name Yemaek. Goguryeo again expelled Hyeondo Commandery to Musoon of nowadays during the reign of King Taejo and completely subjugated Okjoe to the East side. This means Geguryeo, since the time of Jumong, was successful to complete in its policy of territorial expansion outward to constantly debouch into the direction of Okjoe. During his time, the only natural way from Yodong to the East Coast was the road utilized by Changhae and Hyeondo Commanderies. This particular road named either as Yemaek Road or Changhae Road which existed within the Yemaek regions. The two attempts made by Han to take hold of the road failed. Meanwhile Goguryeo became the true leading force of the entire area by completing the unification of Yemaek fulfilling the ambition for its territorial expansion outward.
First of all, the study tried to find the location of the center of Yemaek during the period of the jurisdiction control of Hyeondo Commandery. According to the early historical records written about Yemaek around the second century B.C., it is found that the name of Yemaek and its territorial boundaries were differently labeled depending different periods. This leads to the present researcher's conclusion that the name Yemaek was used as the general idea of the territories later identified as the area covered by Goguryeo, Okjoe and East Ye which was occupied by the tribes of Ye and Maek around the second century B.C.. The community of Yemaek was considered as a kind of the loosely allied groups consisted of many political subsystems hierarchically layered internally. There must have been one leading group inside the system had a control over a band of confederate groups. This leading group, it seems, did hold the responsibilities for outside relationships. The location of this leading group must have become the center of Yemaek at that time and later the commandery station of Hyeondo Commandery.
Regarding the leading group of Yemaek society, this study concentrates upon the existence of Changhae Commandery regarded as the antecedent of Hyeondo Commandery and of Yegunnamryeo, the chief of the whole Yemaek society. It is possible that Changhae Commandery exercised jurisdiction over Yemaek. Changhae Commandery was located inside the territory of Yemaek. The number of soldiers of 280,000 who carne to visit the shore in a ship lead by Yegunnamryeo was similar to the number of Yemaek during the first establishment of Hyeondo Commandery. Besides, this shows that Yegunnamryeo was the chief of the whole Yemaek society at that time. During the establishment of Changhae Commandery around B.C. 128, the leading group of Yemaek society was ruled by the central group of Ye by placing Ye troops between the two power groups of Ye and Maek.
Secondly, the study tries to find out where the central group of Ye was placed by means of first locating of Changhae Commandery. 3 years after the establishment of Changhae Commandery, it was destroyed due to the large amount of expense used up for constructing roads against rugged lay of the land. There were other opinions of Balhae, Abrok River and the East Coast regarding its location. Changhae Commandery was considered as Hamhung province of the East Coast which had been most highly developed region since the Bronze Age. There are 3 proofs that lead to this conclusion: 1) the long and hazardous distance from Yodong Province; 2) Changhae Commandery was the center of Ye's military power; and 3) Changhae refers to the East Sea. The conclusion is that Okjoe was the location of Changhae Commandery and also of Yegunnamryeo, the center of Yemaek society in the middle of the second century B.C. It is also possible to say that Hyeondo Commandery, which was established 20 years later, was located around this place to govern Yemaek as the successor of Changhae Commandery. This conclusion agrees with the historical records that are found which state that Okjoe Land or Okjoe Castle became Hyeondo Commandery. Hyeondo Commandery seems to have been established along the transportation road from Okjoe to Goguryeo Hyen according to the record saying that the commandery station, the center of troops was located in Okjoe but still Goguryeo Hyen was in the territory of Hyeondo Commandery.
The view is supported by the analysis of historical record about Hyeondo Commandery and the consideration of circumstances of Yemaek society in the late period of the second century B.C.. Hyeondo Commandery was moved to another location due to the invasion by the group of Guryeo from Abrok River and Dongga River in 75 B.C. Han removed Hyeondo Commandery to the northwest part of Guryeo and made Okjoe subjugated to Nangnang troops since Guryeo force seized the middle of the road from Yodong Province to Okjoe, the center of Hyeondo Commandery. During this process, Hyeondo Commandery replaced the center Hyeon to Goguryeo Hyeon considering the gravity of Goguryeo in Yemaek society which was its jurisdiction district. The growth of Goguryeo in Yemaek society motivated the later use of the name Yemaek. Goguryeo again expelled Hyeondo Commandery to Musoon of nowadays during the reign of King Taejo and completely subjugated Okjoe to the East side. This means Geguryeo, since the time of Jumong, was successful to complete in its policy of territorial expansion outward to constantly debouch into the direction of Okjoe. During his time, the only natural way from Yodong to the East Coast was the road utilized by Changhae and Hyeondo Commanderies. This particular road named either as Yemaek Road or Changhae Road which existed within the Yemaek regions. The two attempts made by Han to take hold of the road failed. Meanwhile Goguryeo became the true leading force of the entire area by completing the unification of Yemaek fulfilling the ambition for its territorial expansion outward.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 玄?郡의 設置에 관한 資料 檢討
Ⅲ. 玄?郡의 管轄對象과 그 中心地
Ⅳ. 玄?郡의 移轉과 高句麗의 成長
Ⅴ. 맺음말
Abstract
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