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초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
Man bezeichnet im Allgemeinen das 19. Jahrhundert als das Zeitalter der Freiheitsrechte und das 20. Jahrhundert als das der sozialen Rechte. Aber die Gewährleistung der Menschenrechte in Korea war vor der Befreiung von Japan 1945 von der Wirklichkeit sehr weit enfernt. Nachdem einigen Intellektuellen die Entwicklung der Umsetzung der Menschenrechte in entwickelten westlichen Ländern berichtet worden war, empfanden sie diese als dem eigenen Zeitgeist entsprechend. Daher wurden Anstrengungen unternommen, die Gewährleistung der Menschenrechte in das koreanische Rechtssystem zu übertragen, die allerdings wegen der damaligen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Gegebenheiten vergebens waren. Nach der Niederlage Japans im Zweiten Weltkrieg und damit der Befreiung Koreas von der japanischen Annektierung 1945 erschienen die Realisierung der Menschenrechte und die Errichtung einer Demokratie als Aufgaben des jungen Staates, deren Wahrnehmung in greifbare Nähe gerückt. Infolge der Kapitulation Japans wurde die Kolonialregierung im Süden Koreas durch eine Miliärregierung der USA und im Norden durch eine Militärregierung der UDSSR (1945~1948) ersetzt. Mit dem Ende der Militärregierungen teilte sich Korea in die Republik Korea im südlichen und in die Demokratische Volksrepublik Korea im nördlichen Teil. Kurz danach brach der Bürgerkrieg (1950~1953) aus. Demzufolge bestand eine tiefe Kluft zwischen der Idee der Menschenrechte und der Demokratie und ihrer tatsächlichen Umsetzung. In den folgenden 60 Jahren haben die koreanischen Bürger mit Blut, Schweiß und Tränen die Demokratie erkämpft und die Stärkung der Menschenrechte erreicht.
In der Republik Korea haben die Demokratie und die Gewährleistung der Menschenrechte heute einen Stand erreicht, in dem sie, obwohl sie noch einiger Verbesserungen bedürfen, in gefestigten Bahnen verlaufen und auf einer stabilen Grundlage beruhen. Daher liegt heute der Fokus der bürgerrechtlichen Bestrebungen auf der Gewährleistung der sozialen Grundrechte und damit auf dem Ausbau des sozialen Sicherungsnetzes. Entsprechend hat die Größe des aktuellen Etats für den Ausbau sozialer Sicherungen exponentiell zugenommen, obwohl bis heute der Landesverteidigung wegen des trotz Waffenstillstands weiter bestehenden Kriegszustands zwischen der Republik Korea und der Demokratischen Volksrepublik Korea großes Gewicht zukommt. Auf der einen Seite wird dieser Posten als unweigerliche Folge des demographisch-wirtschaftlichen Wandels anerkannt, während auf der anderen Seite die Sorge vor einer Untergrabung der finanziellen Stabilität durch eine populistische Aufblähung des wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Etats groß ist.
Es ist deutlich, dass die sozialen Sicherungen immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen werden und in diesem Prozess auch die Gewichtung der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung daher immer weiter zunehmen wird. Seit Einführung der BRV wird mit ihr nach dem Prinzip “Versuch und Irrtum” verfahren, was dazu geführt hat, dass Struktur und Ausgestaltung der BRV im Einzelnen teilweise sogar in ihr Gegenteil verkehrt wurden. Das ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass auf einer Seite der Gesetzgeber ein mangelhaftes Verständnis von der BRV gezeigt hat und auf der anderen Seite dass die Handhabung des Bürgerrentenfonds durch sachfremde Erwägungen geleitet worden ist. Angesichts des wirtschaftlichen und demographischen Wandels steht die BRV unter ständigem Reformbedarf. Trotz der Bewertung, dass die externen Rahmenbedingungen, wie etwa die Überführung der Grundaltersrente in die Grundrente, die Bedenken der Bürger gegen eine willkürliche Leitung des Bürgerrentenfonds und die durch die Weltwirtschaftskrisen bedingten starken Schwankungen auf dem Finanzmarkt, den Wert der BRV herabsetzen, ist dennoch davon auszugehen, dass ihr bei dem Ausbau des sozialen Sicherungsnetzes in der koreanischen Gesellschaft zukünftig ein immer größeres Gewicht zukommen wird. Es ist noch nicht sicher, ob die BRV im sozialen Sicherungssystem erfolgreich Wurzeln schlagen wird. Die BRV muss sich beständig den Herausforderungen stellen.
Die koreanische Gesellschaft geht gegenwärtig davon aus, dass ihre Zukunft -unter verschiedenen anderen Faktoren- vor allem von der Verwirklichung des Sozialstaates und der gerechten Ausgestaltung des sozialen Sicherungsnetzes abhängt, wobei unter deren Ausformungen die BRV als unentbehrliches und nicht beliebig ersetzbares Element angesehen werden muss.
It generally refers to the 19th century as the age of civil liberties and the 20th century as the age of social rights. However, human rights could not easily related to Korean citizens until the liberation from Japanese colonialism in 1945. Even though some intellectuals made an effort to develop Western countries’ implementation of human rights, the results were insignificant due to the political and social conditions during that period. As Korea was liberated from Japanese colonialism after the defeat of Japanese in WWⅡ, the human rights and the establishment of democracy appeared as actual tasks in Korea. The US military administration in South Korea and the Soviet military administration in North Korea for 3 years result in the division of Korean peninsula. In addition, the war brought an intense gap between the ideal and reality of human rights and democracy. For those reasons, Koreans struggled against the disjunction between the reality and the ideal for the past 60 years; and finally they achieved the democracy and expanded the human rights. Democracy of the South Korea is now considered stable, even though more improvements are still needed, and human rights have reached a normal level to be guaranteed. Therefore, Koreans mainly focus on the guarantee of social rights or expansion of social safety nets these days. While the most of budgets were spent on the national defense in the past due to a confrontation between the South and the North Korea, there is an exponential increase in the welfare budgets recently. Some argue that it is an inevitable consequence of the demographic and economic changes, but the others are concerned about the social welfare populism. Especially regarding the introduction of the “National Happy Pension” in the last 2012 presidential election, there were fierce criticisms towards a change that the receipts of previous old-age pension linked up to the National Pension Service(NPS). The changed system has not only unsettled yet but also shaken the fundamental meaning and efficacy of the NPS. It is clear that the meaning and portion of the social security system is contiously increasing; also, the importance of the NPS is also increasing accordingly. The NPS has undergone trial and error since it was introduced in 1988. Among many reasons, legislators’ poor understanding of the NPS and government’s expedient managing are the main factors of distorting the NPS. Furthermore, the NPS is still on track to be reformed under the economic crisis and aging society. The importance of NPS for social safety net in future Korea is expanding much more despite all the assessments that the external conditions such as the alteration of the basic old-age pension into the basic pension, the concerns of citizens against an arbitrary operating of pension funds, and fluctuations in the stock market due to the world economic crises damage the value of NPS. However, nobody can assure a successful establishment of NPS in the social security system yet; and challenges to NPS are still ongoing. The NPS is not a mere social security system option but an essential system which determines our future. The welfare state is now a sine qua non of the constitutional principles with the democracy and the constitutionalism; moreover, the NPS is recognized as one of the indispensable elements with a political party system and an election system. The formation of the NPS- of course it is not the only factor- is one of the influential factors that would determine our future.
It generally refers to the 19th century as the age of civil liberties and the 20th century as the age of social rights. However, human rights could not easily related to Korean citizens until the liberation from Japanese colonialism in 1945. Even though some intellectuals made an effort to develop Western countries’ implementation of human rights, the results were insignificant due to the political and social conditions during that period. As Korea was liberated from Japanese colonialism after the defeat of Japanese in WWⅡ, the human rights and the establishment of democracy appeared as actual tasks in Korea. The US military administration in South Korea and the Soviet military administration in North Korea for 3 years result in the division of Korean peninsula. In addition, the war brought an intense gap between the ideal and reality of human rights and democracy. For those reasons, Koreans struggled against the disjunction between the reality and the ideal for the past 60 years; and finally they achieved the democracy and expanded the human rights. Democracy of the South Korea is now considered stable, even though more improvements are still needed, and human rights have reached a normal level to be guaranteed. Therefore, Koreans mainly focus on the guarantee of social rights or expansion of social safety nets these days. While the most of budgets were spent on the national defense in the past due to a confrontation between the South and the North Korea, there is an exponential increase in the welfare budgets recently. Some argue that it is an inevitable consequence of the demographic and economic changes, but the others are concerned about the social welfare populism. Especially regarding the introduction of the “National Happy Pension” in the last 2012 presidential election, there were fierce criticisms towards a change that the receipts of previous old-age pension linked up to the National Pension Service(NPS). The changed system has not only unsettled yet but also shaken the fundamental meaning and efficacy of the NPS. It is clear that the meaning and portion of the social security system is contiously increasing; also, the importance of the NPS is also increasing accordingly. The NPS has undergone trial and error since it was introduced in 1988. Among many reasons, legislators’ poor understanding of the NPS and government’s expedient managing are the main factors of distorting the NPS. Furthermore, the NPS is still on track to be reformed under the economic crisis and aging society. The importance of NPS for social safety net in future Korea is expanding much more despite all the assessments that the external conditions such as the alteration of the basic old-age pension into the basic pension, the concerns of citizens against an arbitrary operating of pension funds, and fluctuations in the stock market due to the world economic crises damage the value of NPS. However, nobody can assure a successful establishment of NPS in the social security system yet; and challenges to NPS are still ongoing. The NPS is not a mere social security system option but an essential system which determines our future. The welfare state is now a sine qua non of the constitutional principles with the democracy and the constitutionalism; moreover, the NPS is recognized as one of the indispensable elements with a political party system and an election system. The formation of the NPS- of course it is not the only factor- is one of the influential factors that would determine our future.
목차
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참고문헌 (32)
참고문헌 신청
Becker, Ulrich / 2007 / Alterssicherung in Deutschland / Festschrift fur Franz Ruland zum 65
Boll, Friedhelm / 2008 / Der Sozialstaat in der Krise -Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich- / Dietz
Butterwegge, Christoph / 2012 / Armut im Alter -Probleme und Perspektiven der sozialen Sicherung- / Frankfurt (M)
Butterwegge, Christoph / 2014 / Krise und Zukunft des Sozialstaates / Wiesbaden
Cha, Jina / 2005 / Sozialstaatliche Gebote und Besteuerung -Verwirklichung der sozialstaatlichen Gebote durch den Steuergesetzgeber in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der Republi
Boll, Friedhelm / 2008 / Der Sozialstaat in der Krise -Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich- / Dietz
Butterwegge, Christoph / 2012 / Armut im Alter -Probleme und Perspektiven der sozialen Sicherung- / Frankfurt (M)
Butterwegge, Christoph / 2014 / Krise und Zukunft des Sozialstaates / Wiesbaden
Cha, Jina / 2005 / Sozialstaatliche Gebote und Besteuerung -Verwirklichung der sozialstaatlichen Gebote durch den Steuergesetzgeber in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der Republi
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