러시아어 담화직시사 это, то, оно에는 주어진 담화에 대한 화자의 직시적 태도가 은폐되어 있다. 우선, это는 주어진 담화가 화자와 지각적, 감정적, 심리적으로 연관되어 있거나, 특정 상황의 시간이 화자의 시간과 실제적 혹은 심정적으로 가깝거나, 그것이 화자의 현재 관심의 대상인 전경적 정보이거나, 혹은 청자는 알지 못하고 화자만 아는 새로운 정보임을 드러낸다. 실제 직시에서 это와 원근의 대조를 이루는 то는 담화직시에서도 화자로부터 좀 더 멀리 있는 것을 가리킨다. 즉, 지각적으로 직접적이지 않거나, 감정적, 심리적, 시간적으로 거리감이 있거나, 화자의 현재 관심의 대상이 아닌 배경적 정보이거나 청화자가 이미 알고 있거나 알고 있다고 상정되는 정보이다. 한편, 인칭대명사 담화직시사 оно는 화자와 주어진 담화의 원거리감을 적극적으로 드러내지 않지만, это가 가진 화자와 주어진 담화의 인접성을 배제하는 방식으로, 상대적 원거리감을 암시적으로 드러내며, 그것을 화자 외부의 시선에서 객관화한다. 이와 같이 러시아어 담화직시는 근칭, 원칭지시대명사와 인칭대명사가 화자와 특정 담화와의 거리를 은폐적 혹은 노골적으로 드러내며, 러시아어 담화직시사는 다른 언어의 담화직시사에 비해 유난히 직시의 성격을 강하게 띠고 있다.
This paper investigates Russian pronouns of discourse deixis and their deictic aspects. Russian discourse deixis is expressed by means of the demonstrative pronouns eto ‘this’, to ‘that’ and the personal pronoun ono ‘it (neutral gender, singular number and third person)’. The proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ is unmarked way to render discourse deixis and it reveals the given event’s perceptual, temporal, psychological proximity to the narrator-speaker, the high level of involvement of the subject in the given event and new or foreground information. The distant demonstrative pronoun to ‘that’ and the personal pronoun ono ‘it’, as a marked peripheral expression of discourse deixis, are not used as actively, widely and frequently as the proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’. The demonstrative pronoun to ‘that’ overtly expresses a perceptual, temporal and psychological distance from the narrator-speaker, the low level of involvement of the subject in the given event, and old or background information which are derived inter alia from the pronoun’s deictic meaning while the personal pronoun ono ‘it’ that is not supposed to demonstrate the overt distance merely implies a covert distance from the narrator-speaker. In any cases Russian pronouns of discourse deixis reveal the deictic information, just as the exophoric deictic pronouns, whereas generally the deictic information is neutralized in discourse deixis in other languages. This peculiarity of Russian pronouns of discourse deixis must come from at least two important characteristics of Russian discourse deixis. Firstly, the proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ is unmarked in Russian discourse deixis. The proximal demonstrative refers to what is close while the distant demonstrative refers to what is not close, i.e., not only what is distant but also what is neither distant nor close, which makes the distant demonstrative can be used distance-neutrally in many languages. Namely, the Russian proximal demonstrative eto ‘this’ by nature cannot be neutral in the distance, while the distant demonstrative, such as English distant demonstrative that can. Consequently the other peripheral Russian pronouns of discourse deixis to 'that' and ono 'it' also cannot but reveal the lack of the proximity in overt and cover ways. Secondly, there are other means than the unmarked proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ to express discourse deixis in Russian. Although the unmarked proximal demonstrative pronoun to ‘this’ is used also in Polish discourse deixis, the Polish distant demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns are not employed in discourse deixis, and the proximal deictic meaning of to ‘this’, as the only means to express deictic discourse, is annulated. Meanwhile the existence of discourse deictic Russian to ‘that’ and ono ‘it’ makes the deictic contrast more vivid in Russian discourse deixis.