이 글에서는 백제에서 관인 신분을 획득하기 위한 절차로서 관직에 취임하는 구체적 방법과 관인 신분 획득 이후 백제 관인의 근무와 고과, 승진과 인사 이동에 대해서 추정해 보았다. 요약하면 다음과 같다.
백제에서 관인이 될 수 있는 나이는 최소 15세 이상의 성인, 처음에 취임하는 관등은 하위 덕계 관등 이하라고 추정되었다. 관직 취임을 위한 절차에서 귀족은 주로 음서제와 유사한 제도로, 중하급 관인의 자손은 태학과 연관된 제한적 시험으로 등용되었을 것으로 추정되었다.
백제 관인의 근무일수는 추정하기 어렵지만, 정황상 당(唐)과 일본보다는 고과에 필요한 최소 근무일수가 많았을 가능성이 높았다. 휴가의 경우 일정한 날짜마다 휴일이 존재하고 농번기에 전가를 준다는 것 이외에는 구체적 내용을 추정하기 어려웠다. 백제에서는 6세기 중반~620년대 전후에 3년 임기의 고과제가 실시되었는데, 고과 주기는 1년과 3년 중 판단하기 어려웠지만 고과대상은 지방관 중심에 중앙관이 포함될 가능성이 있었고, 고과의 주관기구는 외사부 또는 공덕부일 가능성이 있지만 결론짓기 어려웠다. 고과의 평가지표 중 공적은 지방관에 대해서 추정할 수 있었고, 목간에서 군공에 대한 관리를 통해 고과에 반영하였을 가능성도 엿볼 수 있었다.
백제 관인의 승진은 좌평의 승진 방식이 다른 관등과는 전혀 달랐고, 달솔과 나솔을 경계로 승진 절차가 달랐을 것으로 추정되었다. 사료상 보이는 승진 관련 사례를 검토해 보면, 고과에 따른 승진 기회 1회당 1관등 승진 사례도 2관등 승진 사례도 존재하였지만, 관등이 그대로 유지된 사례도 적지 않아서 항상 승진되는 것이 아님도 확인할 수 있었다. 백제 관인의 인사 이동은 좌평 관등의 소지자가 인사 문제에 깊이 관여하고, 외사부 또는 공덕부가 보조적인 역할을 하였을 가능성이 높았다.
In this article, I estimated the specific method of taking public office as a procedure for acquiring official status in Baekje, and the work, performance assessment, promotions, and personnel transfers of Baekje officials after acquiring official status. In summary, it is as follows.
In Baekje, it was estimated that the age to become a government official was at least 15 years of age, and that the government officials who first took office were below the lower level of Deok (德, 7th~11th official rank). In the procedure for taking public office, it was estimated that the nobles were mainly employed as the protected appointment system, and the descendants of middle and lower-level government officials were recruited as limited tests related to Taehak (太學, National university).
It is difficult to estimate the number of working days of Baekje officials, but it was more likely that the minimum number of working days required for performance assessment was higher than in Tang(唐) and Japan due to circumstances. In the case of vacation, it was difficult to estimate the details except that holidays exist every certain date and give additional farming break on to the farming season. In Baekje, a three-year term of performance assessment system was implemented around the mid-620s, and it was difficult to judge the performance assessment cycle between one and three years, but it was possible that the central government office was included centering the local government office, and the organization in charge of performance assessment administration was likely to be the Oesabu(外舍部) or the Gongdeokbu(功德部), but it was difficult to conclude. Among the evaluation indicators of performance assessment, the public performance could be estimated for local officials, and the possibility that it was reflected in the performance assessment through the management of military achievements could be seen.
In Baekje, It was estimated that the promotion method of Jwapyeong (佐平, 1st official rank) was completely different from that of other official rank, and the promotion process was different before and after Dalsol and Nasol. When examining the cases related to promotion, which seems from historical records, there were cases of promotion of one or two official rank per promotion opportunity by the performance assessment, but there were not a few cases where the official rank remained the same, so it was confirmed that the promotion was not always promoted. In the personnel transfers of the Baekje officials, it was highly likely that the holder of the Jwapyeong (official rank) was deeply involved and the Oesabu or Gongdeokbu played an auxiliary role.